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81 results of 23 texts with exact phrase : 'Doppler sonography'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

The use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) with monitoring of the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) gives possibility for noninvasive evaluation of the autoregulatory response when assessing the cerebral autoregulation (CA).
The use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) with monitoring of the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) gives possibility for noninvasive evaluation of the autoregulatory response when assessing the cerebral autoregulation (CA). Different stimuli for alteration of the mean blood pressure (MBP) during the autoregulatory tests have been applied: thigh cuff, Valsalva, carotid compression, neck suction, orthostatic stress, cognitive tasks. CA could also be examined by calculation of the phase shift between the spontaneous oscillations of the MBP and the MFV in the MCA.
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cerebral autoregulation, Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity.
cerebral autoregulation, Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity.
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Reduced cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in CADASIL: A transcranial Doppler sonography study.
Pfefferkorn T, von Struckrad-Barre S, Herzog J, Gasser T, Hamann G, Dichgans M. Reduced cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in CADASIL: A transcranial Doppler sonography study.
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H. Acetazolamide vasoreactivity in vascular dementia and persistent vegetative state evaluated by transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging and Doppler sonography.
H. Acetazolamide vasoreactivity in vascular dementia and persistent vegetative state evaluated by transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging and Doppler sonography.
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Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring.
Velcheva I, Titianova E, Alexandrova D, Damianov P. Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In : Annual proceedings.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

doppler sonography, carotid stenosis, microembolic signals
doppler sonography, carotid stenosis, microembolic signals
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C. Doppler Sonography of the Intertransverse Segment of the Vertebral Artery.
C. Doppler Sonography of the Intertransverse Segment of the Vertebral Artery.
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Color-coded Doppler sonography of vertebral arteries.
Trattnig S, Schwaighofer B, Hubsch P, Schwartz M, Keinberger F. Color-coded Doppler sonography of vertebral arteries.
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

MCA thrombosis, transcranial Doppler sonography
MCA thrombosis, transcranial Doppler sonography
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The magnetic resonance imaging registers ischemic zones in the right cerebral hemisphere and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) reveals thrombosis of the sphenoid part of the right MCA, confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).
The case report represents a 43-year-old man with acute ischemic cerebral stroke in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory related to arterial hypertension, thrombosis of the origine of the right MCA and long-lasting risk factors-smoking, alcohol abuse and stress. The clinical examination reveals a mild left-sided hemiparesis, left facial palsy and left hemihypesthesia, which undergo improvement and complete recovery one year after the incident. In the acute stage of stroke a subcortical lacunar infarction in the right hemisphere (motor region) is proved by a CT scan. The magnetic resonance imaging registers ischemic zones in the right cerebral hemisphere and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) reveals thrombosis of the sphenoid part of the right MCA, confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). On the 17th day from the stroke onset some initial recanalization of the MCA is detected by TCD and one year later a complete racanalization is observed.
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 2 , , ,

ischemic stroke, transcranial Doppler sonography, thrombolysis,
ischemic stroke, transcranial Doppler sonography, thrombolysis,
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 1 , , ,

Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
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Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
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cerebral circulation, mathematical, modeling, transcranial Doppler sonography
cerebral circulation, mathematical, modeling, transcranial Doppler sonography
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The relation between velocity (indicator in Doppler sonography) and volume (essential variable in cerebral circulation) are sown in a transformed equation.
A local circulation unit has an essential variable (the blood flow), and supportive variables (pressure and resistance). The whole body circulation variables are acting as parameters of the local unit variables. The mill-clack-like metabolic mechanism of flow regulation and other feedback mechanisms of control are discussed. The whole circulation system is multistable on the basis of: (1) security on the basis of multiplicity (of supply channels), (2) superimposed pressure equalization (flow of communicating arteries, and collateral systems), (3) portal mechanisms. Poiseulle’s and Hagen – Poiseulle’s equation has been used as basic. The relation between velocity (indicator in Doppler sonography) and volume (essential variable in cerebral circulation) are sown in a transformed equation. Dividing the sum of the length of the vessel to the sum of the lumens (total lumen) mirrors the influation of the multiplication of vessels on the variables at every new stage of arterial circulation. This has relation to the maintaining the 0-point (indeed the point of equal mechanical to oncotic pressure) at the border of arterial and venous capillaries. This point is important for the O
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Conclusions were made about the reliability of transcranial Doppler sonography (using the velocity) to indicate the circulation (with volume as an essential variable) and about the disorders in ischemia and hyperperfusion after arterial recanalisation.
– in edema.The role of intracranial pressure is shown by equation. It is important for cerebral venous outflow, CSF circulation and cerebral perfusion pressure. The pulsatile character of the circulation is given in equation as well. Conclusions were made about the reliability of transcranial Doppler sonography (using the velocity) to indicate the circulation (with volume as an essential variable) and about the disorders in ischemia and hyperperfusion after arterial recanalisation.
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R. Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
R. Transcranial Doppler Sonography. Springer-Verlag, Wien
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1986: Editor, first book on Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
1986: Editor, first book on Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
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6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 2 , , ,

centrifuge training, cerebral hemodynamics, transcranial Doppler sonography
centrifuge training, cerebral hemodynamics, transcranial Doppler sonography
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By means of transcranial Doppler sonography the BFV of the right MCA at a depth of 50–55 mm was monitored.
The study was performed in 15 pilots, tested by the method of SACM with maximal +Gz-8G load. The cardiac reactivity was assessed using 3chanels electrocardiography (ECG). A parallel infra-red pletismography at the level of the right temporal artery was applied and the delayed pulse wave (measured in milliseconds between R wave of the ECG and the peak of the pletismography) was estimated. By means of transcranial Doppler sonography the BFV of the right MCA at a depth of 50–55 mm was monitored. Simultaneously the bioelectrical brain activity was registered using 8-chanel Holter-electroencephalography (EEG). A visual and
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7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 1 , , ,

Doppler sonography
Doppler sonography
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Only 40% of national practice guidelines require confirmatory testing.Accepted tests are conventional or multislice computerized tomography (MSCT) angiography, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), isotope angiography, Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime brain scan (99mTc-HMPAO) [5].
uniform agreement on the neurological examination with exception of apnea test. Major differences between countries were present between presence of legal standards on organ transplantation, presence of practice guidelines for brain death for adults, number of physicians required to declare brain death, observational period or presence of required expertise of examining physicians. Only 40% of national practice guidelines require confirmatory testing.Accepted tests are conventional or multislice computerized tomography (MSCT) angiography, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), isotope angiography, Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime brain scan (99mTc-HMPAO) [5]. After confirming the clinical diagnosis with one of the tests, the examined brain death person is declared dead.
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Certain prerequisites must be fulfilled before using Doppler sonography to confirm cerebral circulatory arrest [5, 6, 7].
Certain prerequisites must be fulfilled before using Doppler sonography to confirm cerebral circulatory arrest [5, 6, 7]. The cause of coma must be established and must be sufficient to account for a permanent loss of brain function. Other conditions such as intoxication, hypothermia, severe arterial hypotension, metabolic disorders and others have been excluded. Clinical evaluation by two experienced examiners must show no evidence of cerebral or brainstem functions. Cerebral circulatory arrest can be confirmed if certain extraand intracranial Doppler sonographic findings have been recorded and documented bilaterally on two examinations at an interval of at least 30 min. These findings are systolic spikes or oscillating flow in any cerebral artery which can be recorded by bilateral transcranial insonation for anterior circulation, or any intracranial vertebral or basilar artery which can be recorded by suboccipital insonation for the posterior circulation.
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Consensus opinion on diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest using Doppler sonography.
Ducrocq X, Hassler W, Moritake K, Newell DW, von Reutern GM, Shiograi T, Smith RR. Consensus opinion on diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest using Doppler sonography. Task Force Group on cerebral death of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology.
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Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
Kuo JR, Chen CF, Chio CC, Chang CH, Wang CC, Yang CM, Lin KC. Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
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Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
Van Velthoven, Calliauw L. Diagnosis of brain death. Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
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ischemic condition of the heart, transcranial Doppler sonography
ischemic condition of the heart, transcranial Doppler sonography
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to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
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Diagnosing Carotid Stenosis by Doppler Sonography.
Gaitini D, Soudack M. Diagnosing Carotid Stenosis by Doppler Sonography.
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The value of internal carotid systolic velocity ratio for assessing carotid artery stenosis with Doppler sonography.
Soulez G, Therasse E, Robillard P, Fontaine A, Denbow N, Bourgouin P and Oliva VL. The value of internal carotid systolic velocity ratio for assessing carotid artery stenosis with Doppler sonography.
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Correlation of high-resolution, B-mode, and continuous-wave Doppler sonography with arteriography in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis.
Zweibel WJ, Austin CW, Sackett JF, Strother CM. Correlation of high-resolution, B-mode, and continuous-wave Doppler sonography with arteriography in the diagnosis of carotid stenosis.
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Auditory stimulation, Doppler sonography, TIAs,
Auditory stimulation, Doppler sonography, TIAs,
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The blood flow velocity in the midlle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The auditory system of 27 healthy subjects and 27 patients with TIAs was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 decibels for 30 sec. The blood flow velocity in the midlle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G. Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
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8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 2 , , ,

Brain computer tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and multirange Doppler sonography monitoring of the blood flow velocity in carotid and basal
А 17 years old men with clinical diagnosis of brain death is described – by repeated examination the loss of brainstem reflexes was confirmed. Brain computer tomography (CT), digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and multirange Doppler sonography monitoring of the blood flow velocity in carotid and basal
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The extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonography confirmed the existence of a cerebral circulatory arrest – systolic spikes or oscillating blood flow were recorded bilaterally from the internal and middle cerebral arteries at an interval of 30 min, while the blood circulation within the external carotid artery was preserved.
Brain CT showed massive cerebral hemorrhage with blood within the ventricle system after rupture of aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, proved by CT angiography. DSA demonstrated stop of the blood flow at the carotid siphons. The extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonography confirmed the existence of a cerebral circulatory arrest – systolic spikes or oscillating blood flow were recorded bilaterally from the internal and middle cerebral arteries at an interval of 30 min, while the blood circulation within the external carotid artery was preserved.
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Consensus opinion on diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest using Doppler sonography.
Ducrocq X, Hassler W, Moritake K, Newell DW, von Reutern GM, Shiograi T, Smith RR. Consensus opinion on diagnosis of cerebral circulatory arrest using Doppler sonography. Task Force Group on cerebral death of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology.
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Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
Kuo JR, Chen CF, Chio CC, Chang CH, Wang CC, Yang CM, Lin KC. Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
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Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
Van Velthoven, Calliauw L. Diagnosis of brain death. Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
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Use of Color Power Transcranial Doppler Sonography to Monitor Aneurismal Coiling.
Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC, Sellar RJ. Use of Color Power Transcranial Doppler Sonography to Monitor Aneurismal Coiling.
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Through transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) a slight reduction in the brain blood circulation on the side of the stenosis was pre-operatively ascertained.
101 patients (85 men and 16 women, mean age 63.2 years) with ACS were screened. The average degree of the stenosis ascertained was 81.9%. Through transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) a slight reduction in the brain blood circulation on the side of the stenosis was pre-operatively ascertained. In all patients CE of a. carotis interna was carried out with shunt. In 99 patients (98%) successful CE was carried out. By means of CCDS and TCD significant improvement of the regional carotid haemodynamics and the haemodynamic of the intracranial arteries on the side of the operation was ascertained. In 1 patient (0.99%) stroke developed as a result of thrombosis of internal carotid artery.
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9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

With the aid of an echo contrast agent, examination with transcranial Doppler sonography as well as color-coded duplex ultrasonography is possible even in patients with an unfavorable acoustic bone window [1, 8].
With the aid of an echo contrast agent, examination with transcranial Doppler sonography as well as color-coded duplex ultrasonography is possible even in patients with an unfavorable acoustic bone window [1, 8]. Following intravenous injection of a first generation contrast agent Levovist, the backscattered signal can be enhanced up to 25 dB because of a transient increase in echogenicity of the blood [9]. In contrast-enhanced examination of the posterior circulation, more detailed information about the anatomical course of the basal cerebral arteries can be obtained. After application of SonoVue, a longer stretch of the basilar artery is visible. Furthermore, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and the superior cerebellar artery can be displayed. An easier visualization of the intracranial arteries facilitates the diagnostic assessment of pathological conditions.
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auditory stimulation, cerebral infartction, transcranial Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity
auditory stimulation, cerebral infartction, transcranial Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity
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The blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The auditory system of 30 healthy subjects and 30 patients with cerebral infarction was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 decibels for 30 sec. The blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G, Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G, Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
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10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 1 , , ,

This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography.
In a recent “scientific statement of the American Heart Association” concerning imaging of acute ischemic stroke the use of “carotid ultrasound” for detecting surgical lesions was classified as a screening tool, which is not sufficient to be used as the sole methodology for the definite diagnosis. Summarising the relevant comparative studies this report concluded that using ultrasound alone “almost 1 of every 6 patients evaluated may undergo an unneeded or may not have a needed surgery” (R.E. Latchaw et.al: Stroke 2009; 40: 3646-3678). This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography. The comment was, in the end we need conventional angiography anyway”. Has nothing changed in more than 30 years? Was all the technical progress in ultrasonic imaging and understanding of hemodynamics useless? Is ultrasound still only a comparably inexpensive screening method or a decision making tool? Neurosonology is more than the question: Is it possible to select patients for surgery using ultrasound alone by separating out those with a =/>70% carotid stenosis.
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11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 2 , , ,

transcranial Doppler sonography
transcranial Doppler sonography
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12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

Functional transcranial Doppler sonography.
Lohmann H, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S. Functional transcranial Doppler sonography.
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13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%.
Ultrasonic methods are the fastest, cheapest and highly informative tool for noninvasive diagnosis of periand postoperative complications associated with CEA or stenting [2]. For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%. A mobile hyperechoic intimal flap and double vascular lumen causing carotid stenosis with an irregular shape and flame-type end is detected [3, 4]. The formation of distal fenestra causes return of part of the flow from false to true lumen. The absence of fenestra induces the deposition of embolic material at the bottom of the false lumen. In a large intimal defect (more than 6-8 mm) intramural hematoma is most commonly found, whose echogenicity is determined by its limitation
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It has been proved that liquor investigation, Doppler-sonography of carotid arteries, cerebral angiography, brain computed tomography and electroencephalography do not contribute to the diagnostic work-up in the absence of clinical signs of a neurological disease.
syncope includes a thorough anamnesis, physical examination and some basic laboratory parameters. Cardio-vascular system evaluation is of paramount importance for the further diagnostic and therapeutic work-up, as well as for prognosis, and includes: 12-lead ECG, continuous ECG monitoring – in-hospital or ambulatory with Holter ECG, implantable loop-event recorders, telemonitoring, electrophysiological study, signal-averaged ECG, carotid sinus massage, echocardiography, stress ECG test, tilt-table test. It has been proved that liquor investigation, Doppler-sonography of carotid arteries, cerebral angiography, brain computed tomography and electroencephalography do not contribute to the diagnostic work-up in the absence of clinical signs of a neurological disease. Nevertheless neurological examination is warranted in case of a clinical suspicion of neurological disease, as well as when traumatic brain damage could not be ruled out. Psychiatric patients’ evaluation is appropriate in cases of multifold recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness in young adults and other co-existing nonspecific complaints.
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14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

The velocity parameters of blood flow were defined by pulse Doppler sonography.
Main head arteries were examined with Sonix SP (Canada) by color coded duplex scanning using 7.5 Hz transducer. The thickness of intima– media complex of carotid arteries was measured by B–mode imaging in real time using a standard method with programs for automatic averaging of the values. The velocity parameters of blood flow were defined by pulse Doppler sonography.
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Transcranial doppler sonography wasn’t realized because of the poor temporal window.
Transcranial doppler sonography wasn’t realized because of the poor temporal window. After the start of anticoagulation therapy in next few days, the patient’s condition improved with full reverse development of edema. The patient was extubated and a specialized neurorehabilitation was initiated. A converse development of focal neurological symptoms to mild central right-sided hemiparesis was reported.
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A direct criterion is the absence of color signal on Doppler sonography, including after the application of contrast [2].
A direct criterion is the absence of color signal on Doppler sonography, including after the application of contrast [2].
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15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 1 , , ,

Color Doppler sonography of the thoracic inlet veins.
Nazarian GK, Foshager MC. Color Doppler sonography of the thoracic inlet veins.
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance: a Transcranial Doppler Sonography Monitoring.
Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance: a Transcranial Doppler Sonography Monitoring.
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Combined with the intra-stenotic flow acceleration (primary hemodynamic effect) grade of stenosis can be determined by Doppler sonography.
Hemodynamic effects of stenoses of the supraaortic arteries: poststenotic reduction of flow correlates closely to reduction of cross sectional area in case of high-grade stenoses (secondary hemodynamic effect). Combined with the intra-stenotic flow acceleration (primary hemodynamic effect) grade of stenosis can be determined by Doppler sonography. Further hemodynamic effects of arterial obstruction occur in collateral channels (tertiary hemodynamic effect)
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Thus, a better interpretation of the findings raised by Doppler sonography of the brain supplying arteries should be possible.
The introduction to the hemodynamic principles should lead to a basic understanding of parameters that determine the cerebral blood flow velocity. Thus, a better interpretation of the findings raised by Doppler sonography of the brain supplying arteries should be possible.
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International Conference on Transcranial Doppler Sonography, Salzburg Austria in 1988.
International Conference on Transcranial Doppler Sonography, Salzburg Austria in 1988.
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Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli.
The most common types of CVDs are ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke and vascular dementia. CVDs affect millions of people worldwide, regardless of age, and represent a group of very important medical and social problems. Therefore, their prevention is becoming an imperative. Risk factors, such as age, gender, genetic factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholsterolemia, atrial fibrillation, orlifestyle,are causing changes of vessel walls which lead to CVD. Early changes of the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli. Extracranial circulation (carotid and vertebral arteries) can be assessed by means of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Novel ultrasound technology enables us non-invasive, bedside detection ofearly vascular changes such as arterial stiffness,
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The study confirm the clinical impact of doppler sonography and evoked potentials by patients with asymptomatic ischemic disturbances of cerebral circulation, which can be used as objective criteria, regarding the diagnosis and therapy strategy.
velocity and evoked potentials. The study confirm the clinical impact of doppler sonography and evoked potentials by patients with asymptomatic ischemic disturbances of cerebral circulation, which can be used as objective criteria, regarding the diagnosis and therapy strategy.
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A TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY MONITORING
A TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY MONITORING
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In order to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve capacity in the brain tissue, acetazolamide (ACZ) cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) has been measured in major cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler sonography.
In order to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve capacity in the brain tissue, acetazolamide (ACZ) cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) has been measured in major cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler sonography. This has shown some correlation with CVR in the brain tissue, as measured by neuroradiological modalities.
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TCS was performed using a conventional transcranial Doppler sonography equipped with 2.5 MHz transducer.
Hospitalized patients with PD (n=28) and patients with PS (n=17) and in-hospital controls (n=10) were included. The PS group consisted of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (n=7) and multiple system atrophy (n=10). TCS was performed using a conventional transcranial Doppler sonography equipped with 2.5 MHz transducer. The SN was identified within midbrain, and then the area of echogenic signals was encircled and measured according to Berg et al. Next, echogenic signal of SN and dorsal midbrain were converted into grayscale using Adobe Photoshop and a median value of SN and dorsal midbrain on histogram was obtained. The SN to dorsal midbrain ratio was calculated.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 1 , , ,

With pulse Doppler sonography speed parameters of blood flow were measured.
Мarina" Varna with sudden weakness of the left extremities based on high blood pressure was examined. There were many risk factors for cerebrovascular disease: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity. А pointed laboratory examination of complete blood count, biochemistry and coagulation status was performed. Мain head arteries were examined with Sonix SP (Сanada) by color coded duplex scanning using 7.5 Hz transducer. The thickness of the carotid artery intima-media complex was measured by B-mode imaging in real-time using a standard program for automatic averaging of values. With pulse Doppler sonography speed parameters of blood flow were measured. Neuroimaging examination of the brain was conducted by 1.5 Tesla МRl (GE HTХ Sigma
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18. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

Neurosonology (Cervical vessel color-coded duplex ultrasonography, Transcranial Doppler sonography, and Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography); Diagnostics and therapy of cerebrovascular diseases acute ischemic stroke, especially in the young, cervical artery dissection, acute surgical/endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke.
Neurosonology (Cervical vessel color-coded duplex ultrasonography, Transcranial Doppler sonography, and Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography); Diagnostics and therapy of cerebrovascular diseases acute ischemic stroke, especially in the young, cervical artery dissection, acute surgical/endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Reproducibility of functional transcranial Doppler sonography in determining hemispheric language lateralization.
Knecht S, Deppe M, Ringelstein EB, Wirtz M, Lohmann H, Drager B, Huber T, Henningsen H. Reproducibility of functional transcranial Doppler sonography in determining hemispheric language lateralization.
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carotid stenosis, cerebral vasomotor reactivity, transcranial Doppler sonography
carotid stenosis, cerebral vasomotor reactivity, transcranial Doppler sonography
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The alterations in the cerebral circulation are examined mainly with transcranial Doppler sonography or magnetic resonance imaging.
The cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) indicates the ability of the cerebral arterioles to change their vascular tone under external stimuli. Greatest influence on the VMR exert age, endothelial functions and blood rheological properties. The most frequent influences are inhalatory induced changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and infusion of acetazolamide. The alterations in the cerebral circulation are examined mainly with transcranial Doppler sonography or magnetic resonance imaging. In patients with carotid stenoses and cerebral infarctions and also in other diseases the estimation of the VMR is important for evaluating the pathogenetic mechanisms and the clinical outcome and for selecting the therapeutic behavior in these patients.
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Evaluation of Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
Uzunca I, Asil T, Balci K, Utku U. Evaluation of Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Sonography. J Ultrasound Med 26, 2007: 179-185.
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Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In:
Velcheva, I., Titianova, E., Alexandrova, D., Damianov, P. Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In:
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19. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

Right-to-left shunt assessed by contrast transcranial Doppler sonography.
Uzuner N, Horner S, Pichler G, Svetina D, Niederkorn K. Right-to-left shunt assessed by contrast transcranial Doppler sonography.
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The velocity parameters of the blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The study included 30 healthy subjects, 28 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and 30 patients with chronic unilateral cerebral infarctions (CUCI). In all of them the auditory system was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 dB for 30 sec, while the vestibular system was stimulated calorically – irrigation of outer ear canal with cold water. The velocity parameters of the blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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capillaroscopy, doppler sonography, hand-arm vibration syndrome, laser doppler flowmetry.
capillaroscopy, doppler sonography, hand-arm vibration syndrome, laser doppler flowmetry.
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20. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 1 , , ,

Carotid Color Doppler sonography (CDS) can determine degree of stenosis, which is the most important factor in determining the risks associated with carotid stenosis [4].
Carotid Color Doppler sonography (CDS) can determine degree of stenosis, which is the most important factor in determining the risks associated with carotid stenosis [4]. Heterogeneous plaques are hypoechoic on CDS, unstable and connected with a higher stroke risk [5]. Patients with progressively increasing stenosis are at highest risk for adverse events in the cerebral, coronary and peripheral vasculature. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) can be used to identify the presence of cerebral microembolic signals. Patients positive for embolic signals are more likely to experience ipsilateral stroke (5.6 times) [6].
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Rune Aaslid of Switzerland – the inventor of the transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD).
The Congress was opened by Prof. Rune Aaslid of Switzerland – the inventor of the transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Other lecturers covered three key areas – application of
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21. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 2 , , ,

In clinical experience diagnostic ultrasound methods are used (transcranial Doppler sonography, duplex scanning of basal cerebral arteries, etc.) for recanalization of cerebral arteries with severe thrombosis [11, 54] – a phenomenon confirmed both in vivo and in vitro in randomized and non-randomized clinical studies of ischemic brain stroke [45, 55].
. This term indicates the degradation of thrombotic masses by ultrasound waves with or without using thrombolytics. In clinical experience diagnostic ultrasound methods are used (transcranial Doppler sonography, duplex scanning of basal cerebral arteries, etc.) for recanalization of cerebral arteries with severe thrombosis [11, 54] – a phenomenon confirmed both in vivo and in vitro in randomized and non-randomized clinical studies of ischemic brain stroke [45, 55].
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of less than 2 mm, transcranial Doppler sonography revealed subtotal stenosis of ICA from the starting point to the development of collateral circulation.
of less than 2 mm, transcranial Doppler sonography revealed subtotal stenosis of ICA from the starting point to the development of collateral circulation. Neurosonological diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of MR imaging and digital subtraction angiography.
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22. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 1 , , ,

The non-invasive evaluation of the collateral circulation status became possible only after introduction into clinical practice of several neuro-angioimaging tools, as Computed Tomography angiography (CTA), Magnetic-resonance angiography ((MRA), Color Doppler sonography (CDUS), Transcranial Color Doppler (TCCD) modalities.
The results of several studies have demonstrated that adequate collateral circulation may prevent the development of hemodynamic failure. In contrast, findings from different studies showed that the presence of leptomeningeal collateral flow was associated with an increased risk of future ischemic stroke [1, 4–6]. The actual contribution of the individual collateral pathways is difficult to assess and quantify. Assessment of cerebral hemodynamics can be performed with different techniques. The non-invasive evaluation of the collateral circulation status became possible only after introduction into clinical practice of several neuro-angioimaging tools, as Computed Tomography angiography (CTA), Magnetic-resonance angiography ((MRA), Color Doppler sonography (CDUS), Transcranial Color Doppler (TCCD) modalities. All above-mentioned modalities give valuable information about the presence and efficiency of collateral supply in patients with ICA occlusive changes. Several studies have reported significant correlation (r=0,64) between TCCD and MRI findings in the
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Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) was performed on the Toshiba Aplio500 unit 2.1MHz probe.
Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries was performed on the unit Toshiba Aplio 500, with 5–12MHz linear probes. Carotid artery disease was assessed and defined according to standardized criteria. Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) was performed on the Toshiba Aplio500 unit 2.1MHz probe.
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Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Magnetic Resonance angiography in the assessment of Collateral Hemispheric Flow in patients with carotid artery Disease.
Anzola GP, Gasparotti R, Magoni M, Prandini F. Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Magnetic Resonance angiography in the assessment of Collateral Hemispheric Flow in patients with carotid artery Disease.
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23. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 2 , , ,

Microembolus Detection by Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Review of the Literature.
Vukovic-Cvetkovic V. Microembolus Detection by Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Review of the Literature.
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