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1257 results of 26 texts in 2 pages with exact phrase : 'Ultrasound'.
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1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

Ultrasound diagnosis
Ultrasound diagnosis
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Ultrasound Med Biol,
Ultrasound Med Biol,
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Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
2, Arenillas J, Molina C, Montaner J, Abilleira S, Gonzales-Sanches M, Alvares-Sabin J. Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Europ J Ultrasound
Europ J Ultrasound
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Ultrasound Diagnostis of Neuroinfections in Newborns
Ultrasound Diagnostis of Neuroinfections in Newborns
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Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
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Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
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Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
Ultrasound diagnosis of neuroinfections in newborns
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In one patient (14.3 %) the malformation was diagnosed prenatally by conventional ultrasound.
The internal hydrocephalus occurred in 6 (85.7 %) of the patients in our study. In three of them the signs and symptoms of progressive heart failure were also present. The onset of the disease was with Third Cranial Nerve palsy in one 12 years old patient. In the most of the cases the diagnosis was made soon after the birth. In one patient (14.3 %) the malformation was diagnosed prenatally by conventional ultrasound. Six of the children (85.7 %) were operated on. Five of them underwent open craniotomy clipping of the feeding vessels. The blood flow through the malformation was considerable reduced only in one of the patients operated using this approach. The sixth patient underwent ventricular punctures with reference to control of the excessive concomitant hydrocephalus. In this case the patient died.
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Classical topics such as carotid plaque characterization, emboli detection monitoring, ultrasound contrast imaging, ultrasound diagnosis of foramen ovale, ultrasound application during carotid surgery and functional assessment of cerebral hemodynamics were also presented.
The 10th Meeting of the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (ESNCH) focused the attention in different topics. Specific sessions were devoted to emerging problems as the role of the ultrasounds in stroke units (perfusion imaging and sonothrombolysis) is known to be very important. Ultrasounds in non vascular brain diseases, hyperbaric medicine, imaging brain parenchyma and cerebral venous system were another innovative topics along with arterial wall imaging including intima-media tichkness (IMT) and distensibility studies. Classical topics such as carotid plaque characterization, emboli detection monitoring, ultrasound contrast imaging, ultrasound diagnosis of foramen ovale, ultrasound application during carotid surgery and functional assessment of cerebral hemodynamics were also presented. The advance in neurosonology, connected with echo-contrast bolus traking for analysis of cerebral circulation time, the assessment of the global cerebral blood volume and ultrasound evaluation of movement disorders, was discussed in a separate session. Proper time was dedicated to training and certification in Neurosonology in the European community.
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The advance in neurosonology, connected with echo-contrast bolus traking for analysis of cerebral circulation time, the assessment of the global cerebral blood volume and ultrasound evaluation of movement disorders, was discussed in a separate session.
The 10th Meeting of the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (ESNCH) focused the attention in different topics. Specific sessions were devoted to emerging problems as the role of the ultrasounds in stroke units (perfusion imaging and sonothrombolysis) is known to be very important. Ultrasounds in non vascular brain diseases, hyperbaric medicine, imaging brain parenchyma and cerebral venous system were another innovative topics along with arterial wall imaging including intima-media tichkness (IMT) and distensibility studies. Classical topics such as carotid plaque characterization, emboli detection monitoring, ultrasound contrast imaging, ultrasound diagnosis of foramen ovale, ultrasound application during carotid surgery and functional assessment of cerebral hemodynamics were also presented. The advance in neurosonology, connected with echo-contrast bolus traking for analysis of cerebral circulation time, the assessment of the global cerebral blood volume and ultrasound evaluation of movement disorders, was discussed in a separate session. Proper time was dedicated to training and certification in Neurosonology in the European community.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg, 60, 1984: 37-41.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonography and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonography and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg, 60, 1984: 37-41.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

also used: duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA).
also used: duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA). Duplex and transcranial ultrasound examination is most often used in everyday practice. It is less expensive, reliable and suitable for bedside diagnosis. The most common sites for plaque formation – the origin of the common carotid artery (12.4%), the internal carotid artery (ICA) just above the bifurcation (22.3%), the origin of the middle cerebral artery (4.1%) and the basilar artery (8.7%) – can be examined in large majority of patients.
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Duplex and transcranial ultrasound examination is most often used in everyday practice.
also used: duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA). Duplex and transcranial ultrasound examination is most often used in everyday practice. It is less expensive, reliable and suitable for bedside diagnosis. The most common sites for plaque formation – the origin of the common carotid artery (12.4%), the internal carotid artery (ICA) just above the bifurcation (22.3%), the origin of the middle cerebral artery (4.1%) and the basilar artery (8.7%) – can be examined in large majority of patients.
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of carotid Doppler ultrasound: an ophthalmic perspective.
of carotid Doppler ultrasound: an ophthalmic perspective.
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Ultrasound detection of cerebral embolism.
Titianova E, Nader J. Ultrasound detection of cerebral embolism.
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stenoses. Using conventional ultrasound the velocity parameters of vertebral arteries were
stenoses. Using conventional ultrasound the velocity parameters of vertebral arteries were
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Ultrasound duplex scanning in atheromatous disease of comparative study with angiography.
Akerstaff RGA, Hoeneveld H, Slowikowski J, Moll FL, Eikelboom B, Ludwing J. Ultrasound duplex scanning in atheromatous disease of comparative study with angiography.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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Color-coded duplex ultrasound of vertebral artery: Normal findings and pathologic findings in obstruction of the vertebral artery and remaining cerebral arteries.
Pfadenhauer K, Muller H. Color-coded duplex ultrasound of vertebral artery: Normal findings and pathologic findings in obstruction of the vertebral artery and remaining cerebral arteries.
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Journal of Ultrasound in Med
Journal of Ultrasound in Med
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM)
German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM)
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Journal of Neurology Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry
Journal of Neurology Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry
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Paper“ published in Volume 16, 1990, of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology by 4/22, 1991.
Paper“ published in Volume 16, 1990, of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology by 4/22, 1991.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

Ultrasound
Ultrasound
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The Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study (CUDAS).
J. Hyperhomocysteinemia but not the C677T mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is an independent risk determinant of carotid wall thickening. The Perth Carotid Ultrasound Disease Assessment Study (CUDAS).
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J. Ultrasound Med
J. Ultrasound Med
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 2 , , ,

Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid A, Markwalder T, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries.
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Based on numerous studies in the last three decades, research in improvement of the acute stroke thrombolysis (TL) efficacy has been directed in the way of natural fusion of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound (US).
Based on numerous studies in the last three decades, research in improvement of the acute stroke thrombolysis (TL) efficacy has been directed in the way of natural fusion of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound (US). Using transcranial Doppler US it is possible to identify the signals of disturbed circulation and by mechanical action of US to increase the surface of t-PA action over the thrombosis. US energy could be applied for pure mechanical TL as well as for enhancing enzyme-mediated TL. Sonothrombolysis (STL) is more effective if combined with contrast agents. Microbubble agents accelerate drug pharmacodynamics at the site and improve mechanical dissolution of a thrombus. Low frequency and high intensity intracranial US insonation (between 20 KHz and 1 МHz; 1-35 W/сm
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Терапевтичният УЗ с нискочестотна (КHz) система е изпитван в проучването Transcranial LowFrequency Ultrasound-Medicated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia – TRUMBI [16].
71.4 KHz (с 7% до общ ТЛ ефект от 60%) [10]. Терапевтичният УЗ с нискочестотна (КHz) система е изпитван в проучването Transcranial LowFrequency Ultrasound-Medicated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia – TRUMBI [16]. Това е първото мултицентрово клинично проучване от 6 германски университетски центъра за оценка на безопасността на t-PA, плюс нискочестотен УЗ (300 kHz), при лечение на ИМИ [16]. Изследването е било преустановено, след като при 5 от 26 пациенти в целевата група (36%) са регистрирани симптоматични хеморагии чрез ЯМР, без ефективна ранна реканализация или клинична разлика в изхода на 3-я месец [16]. Това изследване демонстрира биоефектите на средно-килохерцните УЗ емисии за индуциране на симптоматични кръвоизливи, включително в зони, които не са били засегнати от исхемия.
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(Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain Ischemia using transcranial Ultrasound and Systematic TPA) [5, 10] е изследване, в което са рандомизирани 126 пациенти с ИМИ.
(Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain Ischemia using transcranial Ultrasound and Systematic TPA) [5, 10] е изследване, в което са рандомизирани 126 пациенти с ИМИ. То доказа, че продължителното ТДС мониториране (общо 2 часа) чрез 2-МHz диагностична сонда, с мощност 750 mW, постоянни ъгъл и местоположение на инсонация, при дълбочина – мястото с найлош остатъчен ток по TIBI скалата, има положителен ефект върху първичните крайни цели. Не установява повишаване на честотата на хеморагичните мозъчни усложнения при ТЛ на болни с ИМИ и демонстрира тенденция за подобро възстановяване след ИМИ спрямо болните с плацебо [5]. Резултатите от изследването на Alexandrov и сътр. показват, че 2-часовото ТДС мониториране на СМА при болни с ИМИ е без сериозни странични ефекти и усилва индуцираната от t-PA реканализиция (на 2-я час
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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
D. Hill, Anne W. Wojner, for the CLOTBUST Investigators. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
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Ultrasound Identification and Lysis of Clots.
Alexandrov AV. Ultrasound Identification and Lysis of Clots.
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Ultrasound in selection of patients with ischemic stroke for thrombolysis.
Alexandrov AV. Ultrasound in selection of patients with ischemic stroke for thrombolysis.
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Ultrasound–enhanced thrombolysis for stroke: clinical significance.
Alexandrov AV. Ultrasound–enhanced thrombolysis for stroke: clinical significance.
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European Journal of Ultrasound
European Journal of Ultrasound
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Transcranial ultrasound-improved thrombolysis: diagnostic vs.
Behrens S, Spengos K, Daffertshofer M, Schroeck H, Dempfle CE, Hennerici M. Transcranial ultrasound-improved thrombolysis: diagnostic vs. therapeutic ultrasound.
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therapeutic ultrasound.
Behrens S, Spengos K, Daffertshofer M, Schroeck H, Dempfle CE, Hennerici M. Transcranial ultrasound-improved thrombolysis: diagnostic vs. therapeutic ultrasound.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Recanalization After Thrombolysis for Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.
Burgin WS, M Malkoff, RA Felberg, AM Demchuk, I Christou, JC Grotta, AV Alexandrov. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Recanalization After Thrombolysis for Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.
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Therapeutic ultrasound in ischemic stroke treatment: experimental evidence.
Daffertshofer M, Fatar M. Therapeutic ultrasound in ischemic stroke treatment: experimental evidence.
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European Journal of Ultrasound
European Journal of Ultrasound
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Transcranial Low-Frequency Ultrasound-Mediated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia: Increased Risk of Hemorrhage With Combined Ultrasound and Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial.
Daffertshofer M, Gass A, Ringleb P, Sitzer M, Sliwka U, Els T, Sedlaczek O, Koroshetz WJ, Hennerici MG. Transcranial Low-Frequency Ultrasound-Mediated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia: Increased Risk of Hemorrhage With Combined Ultrasound and Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial.
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Ultrasound in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Daffertshofer M, Hennerici M. Ultrasound in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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In vitro thrombolysis enhanced by standing and travelling ultrasound wave fields.
Devcic-Kuhar B, Pfaffenberger S, Groschl M, Kollmann C, Benes E, Gottsauner-Wolf M. In vitro thrombolysis enhanced by standing and travelling ultrasound wave fields.
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Ultrasound Med Biol.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
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Ultrasound accelerates transport of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator into clots.
Francis CW, Blinc A, Lee S, Cox C. Ultrasound accelerates transport of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator into clots.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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March 22 Highlight and Commentary: Therapeutic effects of ultrasound.
Francis CW. March 22 Highlight and Commentary: Therapeutic effects of ultrasound.
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Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis.
Francis CW. Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis.
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Does LowEnergy Ultrasound, Known to Enhance Thrombolysis, Affect the Size of Ischemic Brain Damage?
G, Olsson SB. Does LowEnergy Ultrasound, Known to Enhance Thrombolysis, Affect the Size of Ischemic Brain Damage?
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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Ultrasound contrast agents for brain perfusion imaging and ischemic stroke therapy.
Martina AD, Meyer-Wiethe K, Allemann E et al. Ultrasound contrast agents for brain perfusion imaging and ischemic stroke therapy.
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In Vitro Models for Assessing Transcranial Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis* Response.
Meairs S, Dempfle C-E, Pfaffenberger S, Speidl WS, Wojta J, Gottsauner-Wolf, M. In Vitro Models for Assessing Transcranial Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis* Response.
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Microbubble Administration Accelerates Clot Lysis During Continuous 2-MHz Ultrasound Monitoring in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
n J. Microbubble Administration Accelerates Clot Lysis During Continuous 2-MHz Ultrasound Monitoring in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
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Low-Frequency Ultrasound Induces Nonenzymatic Thrombolysis In Vitro.
Nedelmann M, B. Martin Eicke, Ernst G. Lierke, Axel Heimann, Oliver Kempski, Hanns C. Hopf. Low-Frequency Ultrasound Induces Nonenzymatic Thrombolysis In Vitro.
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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Can a Commercial Diagnostic Ultrasound Device Accelerate Thrombolysis?
schl, Е Benes, G Maurer, J Wojta, M Gottsauner-Wolf. Can a Commercial Diagnostic Ultrasound Device Accelerate Thrombolysis?
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2 MHz ultrasound enhances t-PA-mediated thrombolysis: comparison of continuous versus pulsed ultrasound and standing versus traveling acoustic waves.
Pfaffenberger S, Devcic-Kuhar B, El-Rabadi K, Groschl M, Speidl WS, Weiss TW, Huber K, Benes E, Maurer G, Wojta J, Gottsauner-Wolf M. 2 MHz ultrasound enhances t-PA-mediated thrombolysis: comparison of continuous versus pulsed ultrasound and standing versus traveling acoustic waves.
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Ultrasound energy and the dissolution of thrombus.
Polak JF. Ultrasound energy and the dissolution of thrombus.
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Ultrasound improves tissue perfusion in ischemic tissue through a nitric oxide dependent mechanism.
Suchkova VN, Baggs RB, Sahni SK, Francis CW. Ultrasound improves tissue perfusion in ischemic tissue through a nitric oxide dependent mechanism.
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 1 , , ,

By means of ultrasound duplex-scanning of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) the presence and type of atheroscle
index of erythrocyte aggregation (IEA) and the index of oxygen transport to tissues (TO2) were calculated. By means of ultrasound duplex-scanning of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) the presence and type of atheroscle
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Effects of aging and hematocrit on cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with unilateral cerebral infarctions: a Doppler ultrasound evaluation.
Titianova EB, Velcheva IV, Mateev PS. Effects of aging and hematocrit on cerebral blood flow velocity in patients with unilateral cerebral infarctions: a Doppler ultrasound evaluation.
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Interventional Ultrasound in new Millenium-2007
Interventional Ultrasound in new Millenium-2007
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 2 , , ,

nterventional Ultrasound n new Millenium-2007
nterventional Ultrasound n new Millenium-2007
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 1 , , ,

Evaluation of the Possibilities of Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Evaluation of the Possibilities of Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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Ultrasound B-flow Imaging of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
Ultrasound B-flow Imaging of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
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Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: experience in 140 patients.
Zurynski Y, Dorsch N, Pearson I, Chong R. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: experience in 140 patients.
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Evaluation of the Possibilities of Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Evaluation of the Possibilities of Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Carotid Stenosеs and Carotid Endarterectomy
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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An approach for the use of Doppler ultrasound as a screening tool for hemodynamically significant stenosis (despite heterogeneity of Doppler performance): a multicenter experience—Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Investigators.
Howard G, Baker WH, Chambless LE, Howard VJ, Jones AM, Toole JF. An approach for the use of Doppler ultrasound as a screening tool for hemodynamically significant stenosis (despite heterogeneity of Doppler performance): a multicenter experience—Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study Investigators.
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Standardization of carotid ultrasound: a hemodynamic method to normalize for interindividual and interequipment variability.
Ranke C, Creutzig A, Becker H, Trappe HJ. Standardization of carotid ultrasound: a hemodynamic method to normalize for interindividual and interequipment variability.
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Battery Reliably Identifies Sever Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
Wilterdink JL, Feldmann E, Furie KL, Bragoni M, Benavides JG. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Battery Reliably Identifies Sever Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
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Ultrasound B-flow Imaging of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
Ultrasound B-flow Imaging of Spontaneous Internal Carotid Artery Dissection
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: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of B-flow imaging (BFI) as a relatively new ultrasound method for diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection.
: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of B-flow imaging (BFI) as a relatively new ultrasound method for diagnosis of internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection.
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The ultrasound data corresponded with the finding from DSA before stenting.
False negative result was obtained during routine CTA study – the carotid dissection was interpretated as a plaque. By comparison with CCDS B-flow imaging showed more precisely the intimal flap and the visualization of flow within the true and false lumens. The ultrasound data corresponded with the finding from DSA before stenting. Retrospectively the results from CTA were additionally analysed to prove the ICA dissection. A complete recanalization was observed after stenting using DSA, CCDS and B-flow.
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B-flow imaging seems to be a more reliable ultrasound method for evaluation of low cervical ICA dissection.
B-flow imaging seems to be a more reliable ultrasound method for evaluation of low cervical ICA dissection.
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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Ultrasound criteria for diagnosing a dissection of the internal carotid artery.
Arning C. Ultrasound criteria for diagnosing a dissection of the internal carotid artery.
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Hennerici M, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Daffertshofer M, Karasch T, Meairs S, Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound.
Hennerici M, Neuerburg-Heusler D, Daffertshofer M, Karasch T, Meairs S, Vascular Diagnosis with Ultrasound. Second Edition, Thieme, 2006.
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Ultrasound findings in carotid artery dissection: analysis of 43 patients.
Sturzennegger M, Mattle H, Rivoir A, Baumgartner R. Ultrasound findings in carotid artery dissection: analysis of 43 patients.
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She is a founder of non-invasive ultrasound Doppler diagnostics application in neurology in Croatia, as well as leader of preventive programs with main objective in improvement and promotion of health and healthy lifestyle.
Her main field of interest is investigation of vascular disorders and cerebral autoregulation. She is a founder of non-invasive ultrasound Doppler diagnostics application in neurology in Croatia, as well as leader of preventive programs with main objective in improvement and promotion of health and healthy lifestyle. She is a principal investigator of many scientific investigations.
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Croatian Neurological Society, Croatian Society for Neurovascular Disorders, Croatian Stroke Society, Croatian Society for Ultrasound in Neurology, Croatian Society for Atherosclerosis, Croatian Society for Angiology, Croatian Medical Chamber, Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia (member since 1994, secretary 2000-2004).
Croatian Neurological Society, Croatian Society for Neurovascular Disorders, Croatian Stroke Society, Croatian Society for Ultrasound in Neurology, Croatian Society for Atherosclerosis, Croatian Society for Angiology, Croatian Medical Chamber, Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia (member since 1994, secretary 2000-2004). She is member of Neurosonology Research Group of World Federation of Neurology, European Society for Neuropharmacology-member of Scientific Committee, European Federation of Neurological Societies-member of Bylaws Committee, and member of Stroke Panel, Danube Neurological Society-member of Executive Board, Secretary general of 48th International Neuropsychiatric Pula Congress (INPC), European Society for Cerebral Hemodynamics-member of Scientific Committee, World Federation of Neurology, European Neurological Society, European Stroke Council, World Stroke Society, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart/Stroke Association, European Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, International Headache Society and New York Academy of Science.
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She is member of Neurosonology Research Group of World Federation of Neurology, European Society for Neuropharmacology-member of Scientific Committee, European Federation of Neurological Societies-member of Bylaws Committee, and member of Stroke Panel, Danube Neurological Society-member of Executive Board, Secretary general of 48th International Neuropsychiatric Pula Congress (INPC), European Society for Cerebral Hemodynamics-member of Scientific Committee, World Federation of Neurology, European Neurological Society, European Stroke Council, World Stroke Society, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart/Stroke Association, European Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, International Headache Society and New York Academy of Science.
Croatian Neurological Society, Croatian Society for Neurovascular Disorders, Croatian Stroke Society, Croatian Society for Ultrasound in Neurology, Croatian Society for Atherosclerosis, Croatian Society for Angiology, Croatian Medical Chamber, Academy of Medical Sciences of Croatia (member since 1994, secretary 2000-2004). She is member of Neurosonology Research Group of World Federation of Neurology, European Society for Neuropharmacology-member of Scientific Committee, European Federation of Neurological Societies-member of Bylaws Committee, and member of Stroke Panel, Danube Neurological Society-member of Executive Board, Secretary general of 48th International Neuropsychiatric Pula Congress (INPC), European Society for Cerebral Hemodynamics-member of Scientific Committee, World Federation of Neurology, European Neurological Society, European Stroke Council, World Stroke Society, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart/Stroke Association, European Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, International Headache Society and New York Academy of Science.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 2 , , ,

Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
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Ultrasound Investigation of Muscles
Ultrasound Investigation of Muscles
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Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics
Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics
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Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
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Ultrasound monitoring of the cerebral hemodynamics is an easy and informative non-invasive method for evalustion of cerebral circulatory arrest in brain death.
Ultrasound monitoring of the cerebral hemodynamics is an easy and informative non-invasive method for evalustion of cerebral circulatory arrest in brain death.
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Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
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Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
Ultrasound Pattern of the Brain Death
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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Imaging of the intracranial vertebrobasilar system using color-coded ultrasound.
Kaps M, Seidel G, Bauer T, Behrmann B. Imaging of the intracranial vertebrobasilar system using color-coded ultrasound.
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Transcranial coulor-coded duplex ultrasound in interventional therapy of cerebral aneurysms.
Lindner A, Shambal S, GeorgiadisD, Becker G. Transcranial coulor-coded duplex ultrasound in interventional therapy of cerebral aneurysms.
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Ultrasound Med Bioll
Ultrasound Med Bioll
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Observations based on color power transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC, Statham PF, Price R. Does the size of intracranial aneurysms change with intracranial pressure? Observations based on color power transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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A cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound.
–aged hypertensive and control subjects. A cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound.
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Ultrasound Investigation of Muscles
Ultrasound Investigation of Muscles
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The modern possibilities of ultrasound methods for morphology assessment of muscle-skeletal system are presented.
The modern possibilities of ultrasound methods for morphology assessment of muscle-skeletal system are presented. The anatomical ultrasound examination contains: identity of muscles, following the structures by static and dynamic ultrasound, assessment of surrounding tissue, assessment of blood system of muscles. All muscles have the same structure characteristics. Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination.
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The anatomical ultrasound examination contains: identity of muscles, following the structures by static and dynamic ultrasound, assessment of surrounding tissue, assessment of blood system of muscles.
The modern possibilities of ultrasound methods for morphology assessment of muscle-skeletal system are presented. The anatomical ultrasound examination contains: identity of muscles, following the structures by static and dynamic ultrasound, assessment of surrounding tissue, assessment of blood system of muscles. All muscles have the same structure characteristics. Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination. The examination is made in time of contraction using a 7-10 MHz linear transducer.
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There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb.
The modern possibilities of ultrasound methods for morphology assessment of muscle-skeletal system are presented. The anatomical ultrasound examination contains: identity of muscles, following the structures by static and dynamic ultrasound, assessment of surrounding tissue, assessment of blood system of muscles. All muscles have the same structure characteristics. Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination. The examination is made in time of contraction using a 7-10 MHz linear transducer. The ultrasound distinguishment of surrounding tissues (skin, bones and fat) is important. The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods. The usage of myosonology in neurology has high sense in inflamed and degerative diseases, tumors, traumas, biopsy and other diagnostic problems.
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The ultrasound distinguishment of surrounding tissues (skin, bones and fat) is important.
All muscles have the same structure characteristics. Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination. The examination is made in time of contraction using a 7-10 MHz linear transducer. The ultrasound distinguishment of surrounding tissues (skin, bones and fat) is important. The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods. The usage of myosonology in neurology has high sense in inflamed and degerative diseases, tumors, traumas, biopsy and other diagnostic problems.
read the entire text >>

The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods.
Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination. The examination is made in time of contraction using a 7-10 MHz linear transducer. The ultrasound distinguishment of surrounding tissues (skin, bones and fat) is important. The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods. The usage of myosonology in neurology has high sense in inflamed and degerative diseases, tumors, traumas, biopsy and other diagnostic problems.
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Ultrasound of muscle
Ultrasound of muscle
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J of Clinical Ultrasound
J of Clinical Ultrasound
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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Real-time ultrasound imaging of muscles.
Heckmatt JZ, Pier N, Dubowitz V. Real-time ultrasound imaging of muscles.
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Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging.
Hodges PW, Pengel LHM, Herbert RD, Gandevia SC. Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging.
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Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments.
Kremkau FW. Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments. Philadelphia, PA, W.B. Saunders, 1998.
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Muscle ultrasound in neuromuscular disorders.
Pillen S, Arts IM, Zwarts MJ. Muscle ultrasound in neuromuscular disorders.
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Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, 2001, Mosby Press
Van Holsbeeck M T, Introcas J H. Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, 2001, Mosby Press
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Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
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Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
Ultrasound Studies in Migraine
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Cerebral ultrasound perfusion imaging in a migraine attack with prolonged aura.
Marouf W, Hetzel A, Reinhard M, Neisen W-D. Cerebral ultrasound perfusion imaging in a migraine attack with prolonged aura.
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ultrasound diagnostics
ultrasound diagnostics
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics
Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
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Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
Algorithm for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutic Strategy in Carotid Pathology
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
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“Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology”
“Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology”
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In neurosonology, ultrasound contrast agents can be used to enhance the back
In neurosonology, ultrasound contrast agents can be used to enhance the back
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The effect of ultrasound contrast agents is based on the presence of microscopic particles that enhance and augment ultrasound informa
The effect of ultrasound contrast agents is based on the presence of microscopic particles that enhance and augment ultrasound informa
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In neurosonology, ultrasound contrast agents can be used to improve the insonation conditions (e.g.
In neurosonology, ultrasound contrast agents can be used to improve the insonation conditions (e.g. in the case of an insufficient temporal bone window in transcranial imaging) and/or to enhance the backscattered signal from the blood vessels in the case of reduced blood flow velocities in pathological situations (e.g. in an occlusive disease of an artery supplying the brain).
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SonoVue™ is a novel second-generation ultrasound contrast medium, constituting microbubbles stabilized by a highly elastic phospholipid shell.
SonoVue™ is a novel second-generation ultrasound contrast medium, constituting microbubbles stabilized by a highly elastic phospholipid shell. It consists of sulfur hexafluorid (SF6), an innocuous, poorly soluble gas, which is eliminated through the lungs. [5]. In our experience, SonoVue™ was well tolerated in all patients and there were no side effects observed in association with the use of the agent.
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Ultrasound contrast agents have proven useful in the quantification of highgrade stenoses of the internal carotid artery which can only be suboptimally imaged – if at all
The origin of the internal carotid artery is the most frequent site of atherosclerosis in cerebrovascular disease. Therefore, in the extracranial sonographic examination, a reliable assessment of the proximal segments of the internal carotid artery is crucial in the management of patients with stroke risk [6]. Ultrasound contrast agents have proven useful in the quantification of highgrade stenoses of the internal carotid artery which can only be suboptimally imaged – if at all
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Additionally, ultrasound agents provide a clear diagnosis, if the distinction between preocclusive stenosis and occlusion is difficult.
– by means of native sonographic examination. Additionally, ultrasound agents provide a clear diagnosis, if the distinction between preocclusive stenosis and occlusion is difficult.
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The catalyst for further progress in contrast ultrasound was the advent of harmonic imaging technology during the second half of the 1990s [14, 15].
The catalyst for further progress in contrast ultrasound was the advent of harmonic imaging technology during the second half of the 1990s [14, 15]. When exposed to the ultrasound beam, microbubble contrast agents oscillate. These oscillations have a strong tendency to produce resonance, and the resonant frequency of microbubbles happens to be within the range of diagnostic ultrasound. With increasing transmission power, the bubbles show an increasingly nonlinear response (ie, the backscattered signal contains frequencies that differ from the insonating frequency and the returned signal is thus distorted). The nonlinear signals contain overtones or harmonic and subharmonic signals at multiples and fractions of the insonating frequency. The second harmonic signal, which occurs at twice the incidence frequency, is used in a new ultrasound technique known as second harmonic imaging [16, 17].
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When exposed to the ultrasound beam, microbubble contrast agents oscillate.
The catalyst for further progress in contrast ultrasound was the advent of harmonic imaging technology during the second half of the 1990s [14, 15]. When exposed to the ultrasound beam, microbubble contrast agents oscillate. These oscillations have a strong tendency to produce resonance, and the resonant frequency of microbubbles happens to be within the range of diagnostic ultrasound. With increasing transmission power, the bubbles show an increasingly nonlinear response (ie, the backscattered signal contains frequencies that differ from the insonating frequency and the returned signal is thus distorted). The nonlinear signals contain overtones or harmonic and subharmonic signals at multiples and fractions of the insonating frequency. The second harmonic signal, which occurs at twice the incidence frequency, is used in a new ultrasound technique known as second harmonic imaging [16, 17]. When the energy of the insonating beam is further increased to mechanical indexes greater than approximately 0.3, there is a corresponding rise in the destruction of the microbubbles.
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These oscillations have a strong tendency to produce resonance, and the resonant frequency of microbubbles happens to be within the range of diagnostic ultrasound.
The catalyst for further progress in contrast ultrasound was the advent of harmonic imaging technology during the second half of the 1990s [14, 15]. When exposed to the ultrasound beam, microbubble contrast agents oscillate. These oscillations have a strong tendency to produce resonance, and the resonant frequency of microbubbles happens to be within the range of diagnostic ultrasound. With increasing transmission power, the bubbles show an increasingly nonlinear response (ie, the backscattered signal contains frequencies that differ from the insonating frequency and the returned signal is thus distorted). The nonlinear signals contain overtones or harmonic and subharmonic signals at multiples and fractions of the insonating frequency. The second harmonic signal, which occurs at twice the incidence frequency, is used in a new ultrasound technique known as second harmonic imaging [16, 17]. When the energy of the insonating beam is further increased to mechanical indexes greater than approximately 0.3, there is a corresponding rise in the destruction of the microbubbles. In the applications where the microbubbles need to be preserved – e.g.
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The second harmonic signal, which occurs at twice the incidence frequency, is used in a new ultrasound technique known as second harmonic imaging [16, 17].
The catalyst for further progress in contrast ultrasound was the advent of harmonic imaging technology during the second half of the 1990s [14, 15]. When exposed to the ultrasound beam, microbubble contrast agents oscillate. These oscillations have a strong tendency to produce resonance, and the resonant frequency of microbubbles happens to be within the range of diagnostic ultrasound. With increasing transmission power, the bubbles show an increasingly nonlinear response (ie, the backscattered signal contains frequencies that differ from the insonating frequency and the returned signal is thus distorted). The nonlinear signals contain overtones or harmonic and subharmonic signals at multiples and fractions of the insonating frequency. The second harmonic signal, which occurs at twice the incidence frequency, is used in a new ultrasound technique known as second harmonic imaging [16, 17]. When the energy of the insonating beam is further increased to mechanical indexes greater than approximately 0.3, there is a corresponding rise in the destruction of the microbubbles. In the applications where the microbubbles need to be preserved – e.g. in imaging of very low blood flow velocities in the capillaries of the brain parenchyma, the low mechanical index (MI) imaging modality is a preferred approach. Different techniques such as pulse inversion harmonic imaging, power modulation, harmonic power Doppler imaging, and contrast pulse sequencing are described to evaluate perfusion in microcirculation [18]. For quantification of brain tissue perfusion, bolus injection kinetics, refill injection kinetics or diminution kinetics are currently being explored.
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However, a successful examination depends on good examining conditions, on an appropriate technical setting for the ultrasound equipment and, not least, on the skill and experience of the examiner.
The performed studies show that SonoVue™ is a suitable contrast agent for the evaluation of perfusion in cerebral parenchyma, even through the intact skull. However, a successful examination depends on good examining conditions, on an appropriate technical setting for the ultrasound equipment and, not least, on the skill and experience of the examiner. Additionally, further technical development in sonographic systems is necessary to improve the diagnostics of cerebral perfusion deficit.
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Transient response harmonic imaging: An ultrasound technique related to brain perfusion.
ttner T. Transient response harmonic imaging: An ultrasound technique related to brain perfusion.
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mann E, Seidel G: Ultrasound contrast agents for brain perfusion imaging and ischemic stroke therapy.
mann E, Seidel G: Ultrasound contrast agents for brain perfusion imaging and ischemic stroke therapy.
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Visualization of brain perfusion with ultrasound.
Seidel G, Algermissen C, Christoph A, Claassen L, Vidal-Langwasser M, Katzer T. Harmonic imaging of the human brain. Visualization of brain perfusion with ultrasound.
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Ultrasound perfusion imaging of the human brain.
Wiesmann M, Seidel G. Ultrasound perfusion imaging of the human brain.
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Harmonic imaging with ultrasound contrast agents.
Burns PN. Harmonic imaging with ultrasound contrast agents.
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Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
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4D ultrasound imaging
4D ultrasound imaging
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To demonstrate diagnostic abilities of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound in neuroophthalmology.
To demonstrate diagnostic abilities of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound in neuroophthalmology.
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The 4D ultrasound imaging of the optic nerves and optic discs is a new neuroimaging method, additional to the routine ultrasound investigation.
The 4D ultrasound imaging of the optic nerves and optic discs is a new neuroimaging method, additional to the routine ultrasound investigation. It helps the quick and non-invasive evaluation of the type, location and severity of their structural damage.
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Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
Four-dimensional (4D) Ultrasound Imaging of Optic Nerves and Optic Discs
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The assessment of fetal neurobehavior by three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound.
B, Azumendi G, Di Renzo GC. The assessment of fetal neurobehavior by three-dimensional and four-dimensional ultrasound.
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Ultrasound diagnosis of papilledema and increased intracranial pressure in pseudotumor cerebri.
Stone MB. Ultrasound diagnosis of papilledema and increased intracranial pressure in pseudotumor cerebri.
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How to diagnose ocular abnormalities with ultrasound.
Whitcomb MB. How to diagnose ocular abnormalities with ultrasound.
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Carotid intima medial thickness: distribution in general population as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound.
ARIC investigators, Howard G, Sharett R, Evans GW, Chambless LE, Riley WA,Burke GL. Carotid intima medial thickness: distribution in general population as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound.
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A cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound.
aged hypertensive and control subjects. A cross-sectional systematic study with duplex ultrasound.
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Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H, Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H, Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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The use of ultrasound imaging to demonstrate reduced movement of the median nerve during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain.
Greening J, Lynn B, Leary R, Warren L, O’Higgins P, HallCraggs M. The use of ultrasound imaging to demonstrate reduced movement of the median nerve during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain.
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Detection of increased blood flow to the affected arm in repetitive strain injury with radionuclide and Doppler ultrasound studies.
al-Nahhas AM, AS Jawad, VR McCready, R Kedar. Detection of increased blood flow to the affected arm in repetitive strain injury with radionuclide and Doppler ultrasound studies. A case report.
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ropean Journal of Ultrasound
ropean Journal of Ultrasound
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German Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (DGKN) (EEG, EMG, EP and Ultrasound Certification)
German Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (DGKN) (EEG, EMG, EP and Ultrasound Certification)
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Working Group of Vascular Diagnostics (AfG) of the German Society of Ultrasound in the Medicine (DEGUM)
Working Group of Vascular Diagnostics (AfG) of the German Society of Ultrasound in the Medicine (DEGUM)
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American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)
American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM)
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Practical Seminar “Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology”
Practical Seminar “Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology”
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Ultrasound Diagnostics
Ultrasound Diagnostics
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Ultrasound B-mode scanning
Ultrasound B-mode scanning
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Ultrasound Diagnostics
Ultrasound Diagnostics
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transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, venous ultrasound anatomy
transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, venous ultrasound anatomy
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The current review is dedicated to the modern possibilities of ultrasound diagnostics for evaluation of the normal and pathologic intracranial venous circulation by means of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCDS).
The current review is dedicated to the modern possibilities of ultrasound diagnostics for evaluation of the normal and pathologic intracranial venous circulation by means of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCDS). The technique of examination, criteria of identification, normal velocity parameters, and sources of diagnostic errors are described concerning some of the main cerebral veins and dural sinuses, such as the deep middle cerebral vein, basal vein of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, straight sinus, transverse sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, and internal jugular vein. The main indications for clinical applications of TCDS in patients with cerebral venous thromboses are pointed out, as well as their sonographic identification and diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic value and perspectives in applying TCDS for different cerebral venous pathological conditions in neurology are summarized.
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Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
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Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
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Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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The inferior petrosal sinus: Assessment by transcranial Doppler ultrasound using the suboccipital approach.
Doepp F, Hoffmann O, Lehmann R, Einhдupl KM, Valdueza JM. The inferior petrosal sinus: Assessment by transcranial Doppler ultrasound using the suboccipital approach.
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A systematic ultrasound analysis of cerebral venous
nster T, Rademacher J, Klingebiel R, Valdueza JM. How does the blood leave the brain? A systematic ultrasound analysis of cerebral venous
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Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
Ultrasound Diagnostics of Intracranial Venous Circulation
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In: Hennerici M (Ed) Vascular diagnosis with ultrasound.
Hennerici M. Cerebral Veins. In: Hennerici M (Ed) Vascular diagnosis with ultrasound. Clinical reference with case studies. Thieme Stutgart, New York 2006, 139-148.
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Eur J Ultrasound
Eur J Ultrasound
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Editor, Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound.
Stolz E. Cerebral Veins and Sinuses. In: Baumgartner RW. Editor, Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound. S Karger AG. Basel, 2006, 182-193.
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Venous Doppler ultrasound assessment of parasellar region.
Valdueza JM, Hoffmann O, Doepp F, Lehmann R, Einhдupl KM. Venous Doppler ultrasound assessment of parasellar region.
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Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Valdueza JM, Hoffmann O, Weih M, Mehraein S, Einhоupl KM. Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza JM, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhдupl KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Whole blood viscosity (WBV) at the shear rate of 94.5 s-1 was measured on the day of the Doppler ultrasound examination with a rotational viscometer Contraves Low shear 30.
The study was carried out in 16 patients with unilateral cerebral infarctions (UCI), 58 patients with risk factors (RF) for CVD and 25 healthy control subjects. The blood flow velocities (BFV), the diameters (D) and the vessel wall intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries (CCA) were recorded with color duplex sonography. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured and mean blood pressure (MBP) was calculated by the formula of Wiggers. Whole blood viscosity (WBV) at the shear rate of 94.5 s-1 was measured on the day of the Doppler ultrasound examination with a rotational viscometer Contraves Low shear 30. Wall shear stress (WSS), the circumferential wall tension (T) and the tensile stress (
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Ultrasound characteristics of adherent thrombi in the common carotid artery.
ny V, Jung DK, Devuyst G. Ultrasound characteristics of adherent thrombi in the common carotid artery.
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The intravascular mobile structure detected with duplex carotid ultrasound in patients with cardioembolic carotid artery occlusion.
Kimura K, Uchino M. The intravascular mobile structure detected with duplex carotid ultrasound in patients with cardioembolic carotid artery occlusion.
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Ultrasound finding of a mobile atheroma in the common carotid artery.
Schlachetzki F, Hoelscher T, Lange M, Kasprzak P. Ultrasound finding of a mobile atheroma in the common carotid artery.
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Ultrasound B-mode scanning before lumbar puncture
Ultrasound B-mode scanning before lumbar puncture
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Ultrasound B-mode scanning before lumbar puncture
Ultrasound B-mode scanning before lumbar puncture
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Interobserver reproducibility of of ultrasound assessment of the optic nerve sheath diameter.
Lochner P, Bauerle J, Nedelmann M. Interobserver reproducibility of of ultrasound assessment of the optic nerve sheath diameter. In: 14th Meeting of the ENSCH , Riga, Latvia.
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Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus.
Measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound: a means of detecting acute raised intracranial pressure in hydrocephalus.
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Оrbital ultrasound to monitor the head and retrobulbar optic nerve.
Siebler М. Оrbital ultrasound to monitor the head and retrobulbar optic nerve. In: 14th Meeting of the ENSCH, Riga, Latvia.
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Application of ultrasound methods in acute ischemic stroke with thrombolysis.
Application of ultrasound methods in acute ischemic stroke with thrombolysis.
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Ultrasound diagnostics of cerebral venous circulation.
Ultrasound diagnostics of cerebral venous circulation.
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Ultrasound screening.
Diabetes mellitus and multifocal atherosclerosis. Ultrasound screening.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 1 , , ,

What is the Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Patients with Neurovascular Symptoms?
What is the Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Patients with Neurovascular Symptoms?
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology
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What is the Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Patients with Neurovascular Symptoms?
What is the Role of Ultrasound in Evaluating Patients with Neurovascular Symptoms?
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In a recent “scientific statement of the American Heart Association” concerning imaging of acute ischemic stroke the use of “carotid ultrasound” for detecting surgical lesions was classified as a screening tool, which is not sufficient to be used as the sole methodology for the definite diagnosis.
In a recent “scientific statement of the American Heart Association” concerning imaging of acute ischemic stroke the use of “carotid ultrasound” for detecting surgical lesions was classified as a screening tool, which is not sufficient to be used as the sole methodology for the definite diagnosis. Summarising the relevant comparative studies this report concluded that using ultrasound alone “almost 1 of every 6 patients evaluated may undergo an unneeded or may not have a needed surgery” (R.E. Latchaw et.al: Stroke 2009; 40: 3646-3678). This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography. The comment was, in the end we need conventional angiography anyway”. Has nothing changed in more than 30 years?
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Summarising the relevant comparative studies this report concluded that using ultrasound alone “almost 1 of every 6 patients evaluated may undergo an unneeded or may not have a needed surgery” (R.E.
In a recent “scientific statement of the American Heart Association” concerning imaging of acute ischemic stroke the use of “carotid ultrasound” for detecting surgical lesions was classified as a screening tool, which is not sufficient to be used as the sole methodology for the definite diagnosis. Summarising the relevant comparative studies this report concluded that using ultrasound alone “almost 1 of every 6 patients evaluated may undergo an unneeded or may not have a needed surgery” (R.E. Latchaw et.al: Stroke 2009; 40: 3646-3678). This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography. The comment was, in the end we need conventional angiography anyway”. Has nothing changed in more than 30 years? Was all the technical progress in ultrasonic imaging and understanding of hemodynamics useless?
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Is ultrasound still only a comparably inexpensive screening method or a decision making tool?
Latchaw et.al: Stroke 2009; 40: 3646-3678). This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography. The comment was, in the end we need conventional angiography anyway”. Has nothing changed in more than 30 years? Was all the technical progress in ultrasonic imaging and understanding of hemodynamics useless? Is ultrasound still only a comparably inexpensive screening method or a decision making tool? Neurosonology is more than the question: Is it possible to select patients for surgery using ultrasound alone by separating out those with a =/>70% carotid stenosis. This question however is central because carotid surgery is one of the best proven and frequent therapies. I would like to shed light on some of its multiple facets.
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Neurosonology is more than the question: Is it possible to select patients for surgery using ultrasound alone by separating out those with a =/>70% carotid stenosis.
This reminds me the discussion after my first international presentation in the late seventies about our results comparing Doppler sonography and angiography. The comment was, in the end we need conventional angiography anyway”. Has nothing changed in more than 30 years? Was all the technical progress in ultrasonic imaging and understanding of hemodynamics useless? Is ultrasound still only a comparably inexpensive screening method or a decision making tool? Neurosonology is more than the question: Is it possible to select patients for surgery using ultrasound alone by separating out those with a =/>70% carotid stenosis. This question however is central because carotid surgery is one of the best proven and frequent therapies. I would like to shed light on some of its multiple facets.
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Of course it is justified to use ultrasound only as a screening method.
Of course it is justified to use ultrasound only as a screening method. If advanced experience and equipment is not available, it may
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Този принцип трябва да се използва и на клинично ниво – всяко клинично решение да се взема в зависимост от трите нива на обучение и компетентност, така както са дефинирани от EFSUMB (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) или съответните национални институции.
Естествено, като скрининг процедура е оправдано да се използва само ултразвиково изследване. Ако в наличност няма високоспециализирано оборудване и квалифициран персонал, достатъчно е да се направи разграничаване между норма и патология и да се прибавят други диагностични тестове в случай на нужда. Този принцип трябва да се използва и на клинично ниво – всяко клинично решение да се взема в зависимост от трите нива на обучение и компетентност, така както са дефинирани от EFSUMB (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) или съответните национални институции.
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The 2 dimensional X ray shadow does not elucidate this better than the ultrasound examination which includes morphological and hemodynamic criteria.
The prophylactic effect of carotid surgery correlated with the degree of carotid stenosis as seen on X ray angiography. The pathogenetic substrate is a plaque characterized by its hemodynamic effect due to area reduction and/or a complicated structure and broken surface. The 2 dimensional X ray shadow does not elucidate this better than the ultrasound examination which includes morphological and hemodynamic criteria. The X ray angiography however is taken as gold standard because this was the method of choice at the time of the study design of NASCET and ECST. Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound. In addition it will be no more possible ethically. Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values. Both the angiographic and ultrasonic method yield surrogate parameters partially depending on different biologic variables and total agreement is not possible.
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Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound.
The prophylactic effect of carotid surgery correlated with the degree of carotid stenosis as seen on X ray angiography. The pathogenetic substrate is a plaque characterized by its hemodynamic effect due to area reduction and/or a complicated structure and broken surface. The 2 dimensional X ray shadow does not elucidate this better than the ultrasound examination which includes morphological and hemodynamic criteria. The X ray angiography however is taken as gold standard because this was the method of choice at the time of the study design of NASCET and ECST. Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound. In addition it will be no more possible ethically. Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values. Both the angiographic and ultrasonic method yield surrogate parameters partially depending on different biologic variables and total agreement is not possible. Which of these methods represent better the true nature of a plaque has to be answered taking in account the complex background including the quality of the ultrasound result in the individual patient, experience of the examiner and the estimated degree of stenosis. Taking the example of a clear cut severe stenosis with established collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery or the ophthalmic artery, ultrasound and X-ray angiography will provide the same result concerning decision making.
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Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values.
The pathogenetic substrate is a plaque characterized by its hemodynamic effect due to area reduction and/or a complicated structure and broken surface. The 2 dimensional X ray shadow does not elucidate this better than the ultrasound examination which includes morphological and hemodynamic criteria. The X ray angiography however is taken as gold standard because this was the method of choice at the time of the study design of NASCET and ECST. Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound. In addition it will be no more possible ethically. Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values. Both the angiographic and ultrasonic method yield surrogate parameters partially depending on different biologic variables and total agreement is not possible. Which of these methods represent better the true nature of a plaque has to be answered taking in account the complex background including the quality of the ultrasound result in the individual patient, experience of the examiner and the estimated degree of stenosis. Taking the example of a clear cut severe stenosis with established collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery or the ophthalmic artery, ultrasound and X-ray angiography will provide the same result concerning decision making. In a 60-70 % stenosis the likelihood of a different classification and a different clinical decision is higher. The decision to add a second method can be based on the clinical background and the above mentioned considerations.
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Which of these methods represent better the true nature of a plaque has to be answered taking in account the complex background including the quality of the ultrasound result in the individual patient, experience of the examiner and the estimated degree of stenosis.
The X ray angiography however is taken as gold standard because this was the method of choice at the time of the study design of NASCET and ECST. Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound. In addition it will be no more possible ethically. Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values. Both the angiographic and ultrasonic method yield surrogate parameters partially depending on different biologic variables and total agreement is not possible. Which of these methods represent better the true nature of a plaque has to be answered taking in account the complex background including the quality of the ultrasound result in the individual patient, experience of the examiner and the estimated degree of stenosis. Taking the example of a clear cut severe stenosis with established collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery or the ophthalmic artery, ultrasound and X-ray angiography will provide the same result concerning decision making. In a 60-70 % stenosis the likelihood of a different classification and a different clinical decision is higher. The decision to add a second method can be based on the clinical background and the above mentioned considerations.
read the entire text >>

Taking the example of a clear cut severe stenosis with established collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery or the ophthalmic artery, ultrasound and X-ray angiography will provide the same result concerning decision making.
Nobody will take the trouble and expense to repeat these studies to prove that the results will be the same based on ultrasound. In addition it will be no more possible ethically. Diameter reduction on X ray angiography is a surrogate parameter for the pathogenic plaque as are the ultrasound result with B-mode image, colour flow and velocity values. Both the angiographic and ultrasonic method yield surrogate parameters partially depending on different biologic variables and total agreement is not possible. Which of these methods represent better the true nature of a plaque has to be answered taking in account the complex background including the quality of the ultrasound result in the individual patient, experience of the examiner and the estimated degree of stenosis. Taking the example of a clear cut severe stenosis with established collateral flow through the anterior communicating artery or the ophthalmic artery, ultrasound and X-ray angiography will provide the same result concerning decision making. In a 60-70 % stenosis the likelihood of a different classification and a different clinical decision is higher. The decision to add a second method can be based on the clinical background and the above mentioned considerations.
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Ultrasound diagnostics in neurovascular symptoms
Ultrasound diagnostics in neurovascular symptoms
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creation of IA devises for mechanical or ultrasound thrombectomy [15];
creation of IA devises for mechanical or ultrasound thrombectomy [15];
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advanced ultrasound technology in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of AIS [48]: sonothrombolysis and rt-PA aiming to increase recanalization rates [2, 6, 10, 59]; ultrasonography and enhanced bubbles [51];
advanced ultrasound technology in the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of AIS [48]: sonothrombolysis and rt-PA aiming to increase recanalization rates [2, 6, 10, 59]; ultrasonography and enhanced bubbles [51];
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CLOTBUST Investigators.Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC et al. CLOTBUST Investigators.Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
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Safety and doseescalation study design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis for acute ischemic stroke: the TUCSON Trial.
Barreto AD, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Schellinger PD, Amarenco P, Sierzenski P, Alexandrov AV, Molina CA. Safety and doseescalation study design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis for acute ischemic stroke: the TUCSON Trial.
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Update on Ultrasound Techniques for the Diagnosis of Cerebral Ischemia.
Marthnez-Sanchez P, Serena J, Alexandrov AV. Fuentes B, Fernondez-Domhnguez J, Dhez-Tejedor E. Update on Ultrasound Techniques for the Diagnosis of Cerebral Ischemia.
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Microbubble Administration Accelerates Clot Lysis During Continuous 2-MHz Ultrasound Monitoring in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Montaner J, Santamarina E, Delgado-Mederos R, Arenillas JF, Huertas R, Purroy F, Delgado P, Alvarez-Sabin J. Microbubble Administration Accelerates Clot Lysis During Continuous 2-MHz Ultrasound Monitoring in Stroke Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
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Independent interpretation of accompanying risk factors and integrated data as a result of specialized biochemical tests, ultrasound diagnostics and neuroimaging methods provide more detailed picture of the prognosis and probability.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a medical emergency and must be treated as an „acute cerebrovascular accident”. The risk of subsequent stroke both soon and long after TIA is significantly higher compared with other the population group. Existing clinical scales, as California score, ABCD score and unified ABCD(2) score are easy of access markedly available to identify practical risk management and allow selection of emergency patients with TIA. Independent interpretation of accompanying risk factors and integrated data as a result of specialized biochemical tests, ultrasound diagnostics and neuroimaging methods provide more detailed picture of the prognosis and probability. The modern concept of TIA as a condition requiring emergency has found practical realization in the creation of so-called “TIA Clinic”.
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Honorary fellow of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (1985);
Honorary fellow of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (1985);
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Honorary member of the German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine, DEGUM (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin).
Honorary member of the German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine, DEGUM (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin).
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Venia legendi (Habilitation (PhD) University of Freiburg, Neurovascular Lab ultrasound
Venia legendi (Habilitation (PhD) University of Freiburg, Neurovascular Lab ultrasound
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Chairman of the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gefäßdiagnostik” of the DEGUM (German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine) 1985-1989; Secretary/treasurer of the Neurosonology Research Group (NSRG) of the WFN from 19822005, chairman 1997-2005;
Chairman of the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gefäßdiagnostik” of the DEGUM (German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine) 1985-1989; Secretary/treasurer of the Neurosonology Research Group (NSRG) of the WFN from 19822005, chairman 1997-2005;
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Vascular Ultrasound;
Vascular Ultrasound;
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edition 1993: Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease;
edition 1993: Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cerebrovascular Disease;
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Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology;
Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology;
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Ultraschall in der Medizin (European Journal of Ultrasound).
Ultraschall in der Medizin (European Journal of Ultrasound).
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Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology
Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 2 , , ,

The Society has established itself as an authoritative scientific organization in the field of Neurosonology and leader in introduction of European and world standards in diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
promoting, supporting and assisting the training, education and research activities in this and other areas of medicine in accordance with the European criteria and contemporary processes of globalization. The Society has established itself as an authoritative scientific organization in the field of Neurosonology and leader in introduction of European and world standards in diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. It has grown in membership, expanded its scientific, educational and practical activities and imposed a policy of continuous training and professional advancement of its members.
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Konstantin and Elena, Varna, 2006), “Algorithm of ultrasound diagnostics and therapeutic strategy in carotid pathology” (Grand Hotel Sofia, Sofia, 2007), “Dissection
organizes annual scientific meetings with international participation. The International symposia are devoted to contemporary problems in Neurology and Neurosonology such as: “Neurointerventional therapy of cerebrovascular diseases and cerebral aneurysms” (Grand Hotel Varna, St. Konstantin and Elena, Varna, 2006), “Algorithm of ultrasound diagnostics and therapeutic strategy in carotid pathology” (Grand Hotel Sofia, Sofia, 2007), “Dissection
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BSNCH organizes training courses and workshops in ultrasound diagnostics in Neurology in conjunction with medical universities.
BSNCH organizes training courses and workshops in ultrasound diagnostics in Neurology in conjunction with medical universities. They are credited and included in postgraduate training programs in Neurosonology. Besides Sofia, similar seminars were held in Rousse (2005), Shumen (2009) and Varna (2010).
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The BSNCH developed its own algorithm for ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic strategy
The BSNCH developed its own algorithm for ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic strategy
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cellence in 2009 the poster "Four dimensional ultrasound diagnosis in neurology” with authors E.
cellence in 2009 the poster "Four dimensional ultrasound diagnosis in neurology” with authors E. Titianova, S. Karakaneva, S. Cherninkova and I. Tournev was awarded the "Merrill Spenser" prize of the 14th meeting of the ESNCH.
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Contacts with the Japanese Society of Neurosonology, Croatia Neurological Ultrasound Society, Research Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City and Finland Academy were established.
www.nsrg.org.tw. Prof. Titianova was elected as a member of the Executive Board of the NSRG of the WFN for a term of four years (2009-2013). Contacts with the Japanese Society of Neurosonology, Croatia Neurological Ultrasound Society, Research Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery in Mexico City and Finland Academy were established. The Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics has nominated Prof. K. Niederkorn and Prof.
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The overall activity of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics in the past five years is directed to build a highly skilled and certified European human resource in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
The overall activity of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics in the past five years is directed to build a highly skilled and certified European human resource in the field of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We set the basis of the School of
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4D ultrasound imaging,
4D ultrasound imaging,
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In the last years the ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system, called myosonology, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [1, 7].
In the last years the ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system, called myosonology, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [1, 7]. Myosonology is a noninvasive method that permits objectifying the structure of muscles, adjacent nerves, bones, joints and gives information about their vascularization. Its main advantage is the opportunity of depicting in real time the changes during the muscle contraction, which is used for evaluating the motor deficit of different muscle groups in experimental and clinical conditions [6]. The traumatic injuries of the neuromuscular system are thoroughly studied. The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely applied [15].
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The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely applied [15].
In the last years the ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system, called myosonology, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [1, 7]. Myosonology is a noninvasive method that permits objectifying the structure of muscles, adjacent nerves, bones, joints and gives information about their vascularization. Its main advantage is the opportunity of depicting in real time the changes during the muscle contraction, which is used for evaluating the motor deficit of different muscle groups in experimental and clinical conditions [6]. The traumatic injuries of the neuromuscular system are thoroughly studied. The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely applied [15].
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The ultrasound characteristics of the skeletal muscles were evaluated by a multimodal colorcoded duplex sonograph (Logic 7, GE – Germany) completed with a special 4-dimentional (4D)
The ultrasound characteristics of the skeletal muscles were evaluated by a multimodal colorcoded duplex sonograph (Logic 7, GE – Germany) completed with a special 4-dimentional (4D)
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ultrasound image
ultrasound image
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Compared to the healthy control the myosonography of the patient showed changes in the ultrasound pattern of the calf muscle its transverse diameter is reduced, the muscle fibres ware inclined and their orientation was under a smaller angle towards the aponeurosis. The
Compared to the healthy control the myosonography of the patient showed changes in the ultrasound pattern of the calf muscle its transverse diameter is reduced, the muscle fibres ware inclined and their orientation was under a smaller angle towards the aponeurosis. The
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myoarchitectonics was granular (a combination of hypoand hyperechogenic areas) on 4D ultrasound imaging (Fig. 4).
myoarchitectonics was granular (a combination of hypoand hyperechogenic areas) on 4D ultrasound imaging (Fig. 4).
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Subject of future studies is the clinical impact of myosonology as a screening method for early diagnosis, follow-up the evolution of muscle diseases and the results from different therapeutic approaches, as well as the ultrasound navigation during biopsies and invasive interventions.
Subject of future studies is the clinical impact of myosonology as a screening method for early diagnosis, follow-up the evolution of muscle diseases and the results from different therapeutic approaches, as well as the ultrasound navigation during biopsies and invasive interventions.
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Since 2007, eighteen patients with spinal tumors, diagnoseg by MRI have been treated with ultrasound-guided surgery.
Since 2007, eighteen patients with spinal tumors, diagnoseg by MRI have been treated with ultrasound-guided surgery. Ultrasound anatomy of spinal cord next to the pathologic processes was investigated. Ultrasound exploration was performed during laminectomy on the dural surface in all cases and after the dural opening of the spinal cord surface for intramedullary tumors.
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Ultrasound anatomy of spinal cord next to the pathologic processes was investigated.
Since 2007, eighteen patients with spinal tumors, diagnoseg by MRI have been treated with ultrasound-guided surgery. Ultrasound anatomy of spinal cord next to the pathologic processes was investigated. Ultrasound exploration was performed during laminectomy on the dural surface in all cases and after the dural opening of the spinal cord surface for intramedullary tumors.
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Ultrasound exploration was performed during laminectomy on the dural surface in all cases and after the dural opening of the spinal cord surface for intramedullary tumors.
Since 2007, eighteen patients with spinal tumors, diagnoseg by MRI have been treated with ultrasound-guided surgery. Ultrasound anatomy of spinal cord next to the pathologic processes was investigated. Ultrasound exploration was performed during laminectomy on the dural surface in all cases and after the dural opening of the spinal cord surface for intramedullary tumors.
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In all patients the ultrasound exploration allowed to exactly define the extent of the laminectomy, dural opening and myelotomy.
In all patients the ultrasound exploration allowed to exactly define the extent of the laminectomy, dural opening and myelotomy. Meningiomas were hyperechoic and homogeneous with well defined margins and often visible hyperchogenic dural attachment. Neurinomas were less hyperechoic and less homogeneous than meningiomas. Intramedullary tumors showed homoechoic solid and hypoechoic cystic-necrotic components, although a specific tissue characterization (tumor infiltration, gliosis, edema) is not possible.
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In 1978, Reid demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasound in the surgical treatment of a cystic astrocytoma in the cervical spine [15].
In 1978, Reid demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasound in the surgical treatment of a cystic astrocytoma in the cervical spine [15]. Later, in the early 1980s Dohrman and Rubin introduced neurosonography in neurosurgical practice, as its first application was in syringomyelia operations [2, 16]. The development of ultrasound imaging technologies has specified the sonographic characteristics of most common spinal cord tumors [3, 6, 12]. In 2005 F. Kolstad et al. reported the application of ultrasound-based neuronavigation in surgical interventions of spinal cord tumors [8]. G.
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The development of ultrasound imaging technologies has specified the sonographic characteristics of most common spinal cord tumors [3, 6, 12].
In 1978, Reid demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasound in the surgical treatment of a cystic astrocytoma in the cervical spine [15]. Later, in the early 1980s Dohrman and Rubin introduced neurosonography in neurosurgical practice, as its first application was in syringomyelia operations [2, 16]. The development of ultrasound imaging technologies has specified the sonographic characteristics of most common spinal cord tumors [3, 6, 12]. In 2005 F. Kolstad et al. reported the application of ultrasound-based neuronavigation in surgical interventions of spinal cord tumors [8]. G. Unsgarg et al. developed this technique by introducing the 12 MHz linear transducer in microneurosurgical interventions [19].
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reported the application of ultrasound-based neuronavigation in surgical interventions of spinal cord tumors [8]. G.
In 1978, Reid demonstrated the usefulness of ultrasound in the surgical treatment of a cystic astrocytoma in the cervical spine [15]. Later, in the early 1980s Dohrman and Rubin introduced neurosonography in neurosurgical practice, as its first application was in syringomyelia operations [2, 16]. The development of ultrasound imaging technologies has specified the sonographic characteristics of most common spinal cord tumors [3, 6, 12]. In 2005 F. Kolstad et al. reported the application of ultrasound-based neuronavigation in surgical interventions of spinal cord tumors [8]. G. Unsgarg et al. developed this technique by introducing the 12 MHz linear transducer in microneurosurgical interventions [19]. In Bulgarian medical literature there are some reports on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in neurosurgery, but the application of ultrasound during a spinal cord tumor operation is described in only one report [1].
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In Bulgarian medical literature there are some reports on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in neurosurgery, but the application of ultrasound during a spinal cord tumor operation is described in only one report [1].
In 2005 F. Kolstad et al. reported the application of ultrasound-based neuronavigation in surgical interventions of spinal cord tumors [8]. G. Unsgarg et al. developed this technique by introducing the 12 MHz linear transducer in microneurosurgical interventions [19]. In Bulgarian medical literature there are some reports on the use of intraoperative ultrasound in neurosurgery, but the application of ultrasound during a spinal cord tumor operation is described in only one report [1].
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In 2007 the Clinic of Neurosurgery was equipped with a SonoWand ultrasound-based neuronavigation system (SonoWand; Mison, Trondheim, Norway).
In 2007 the Clinic of Neurosurgery was equipped with a SonoWand ultrasound-based neuronavigation system (SonoWand; Mison, Trondheim, Norway). Since the beginning of 2009 a SonoWand InviteTM neuronavigation system with a 12 MHz linear transducer was implemented into use. This system is intended for use as an ultrasound imaging, a conventional neuronavigation and as an integrated ultrasoundbased neuronavigation system, utilizing the advantages of both techniques. The system is based on an optical encoder technology, enabling the calibration of the ultrasound probe and the three-dimensional reconstruction of images.
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This system is intended for use as an ultrasound imaging, a conventional neuronavigation and as an integrated ultrasoundbased neuronavigation system, utilizing the advantages of both techniques.
In 2007 the Clinic of Neurosurgery was equipped with a SonoWand ultrasound-based neuronavigation system (SonoWand; Mison, Trondheim, Norway). Since the beginning of 2009 a SonoWand InviteTM neuronavigation system with a 12 MHz linear transducer was implemented into use. This system is intended for use as an ultrasound imaging, a conventional neuronavigation and as an integrated ultrasoundbased neuronavigation system, utilizing the advantages of both techniques. The system is based on an optical encoder technology, enabling the calibration of the ultrasound probe and the three-dimensional reconstruction of images.
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The system is based on an optical encoder technology, enabling the calibration of the ultrasound probe and the three-dimensional reconstruction of images.
In 2007 the Clinic of Neurosurgery was equipped with a SonoWand ultrasound-based neuronavigation system (SonoWand; Mison, Trondheim, Norway). Since the beginning of 2009 a SonoWand InviteTM neuronavigation system with a 12 MHz linear transducer was implemented into use. This system is intended for use as an ultrasound imaging, a conventional neuronavigation and as an integrated ultrasoundbased neuronavigation system, utilizing the advantages of both techniques. The system is based on an optical encoder technology, enabling the calibration of the ultrasound probe and the three-dimensional reconstruction of images.
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When possible, the areas adjacent to the tumor were examined, with regard to the ultrasound anatomy of the spinal canal structures.
After a partial resection via laminectomy or hemilaminectomy and thorough hemostasis, the surgical site was filled with physiologic serum and preliminary inspection of the pathological process was done. Then the surgical opening was additionally extended to situate a surgical corridor above the zone of interest. After completion of the resection, a second examination was performed, aiming an ultrasonographic visualization and verification of the pathological process. When possible, the areas adjacent to the tumor were examined, with regard to the ultrasound anatomy of the spinal canal structures.
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Ultrasound image of intramedular tumors.
Ultrasound image of intramedular tumors.
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Comparison between MRT (T1) and ultrasound images of extramedular neurinoma (Verocai hystological type).
Comparison between MRT (T1) and ultrasound images of extramedular neurinoma (Verocai hystological type). The tumor is hyperintensive on T1
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There is a better visualization of neurinoma microcyst when we use intraoperative ultrasound.
There is a distinct correlation between preoperative MRI images and intraoperative neurosonography of macrocysts in ependimomas. Microcysts are visible only on neurosonography. There is a better visualization of neurinoma microcyst when we use intraoperative ultrasound. Calcium deposits in meningiomas are equally visible on inraoperative ultrasound and T1 images in MRT.
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Calcium deposits in meningiomas are equally visible on inraoperative ultrasound and T1 images in MRT.
There is a distinct correlation between preoperative MRI images and intraoperative neurosonography of macrocysts in ependimomas. Microcysts are visible only on neurosonography. There is a better visualization of neurinoma microcyst when we use intraoperative ultrasound. Calcium deposits in meningiomas are equally visible on inraoperative ultrasound and T1 images in MRT.
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Even at the stage of initial resection, neurosonography can be used as a preliminary ultrasound inspection of the pathological process, to obtain a minimal/limited surgical opening.
Mostauthorssupporttheuseofneurosonography as a valuable tool with minimal invasiveness in spinal cord tumor surgery [9, 18]. Even at the stage of initial resection, neurosonography can be used as a preliminary ultrasound inspection of the pathological process, to obtain a minimal/limited surgical opening. Some authors recommend the application of transligamentary sonography prior to initial resection [5]. Extramedullary tumors, particularly neurinomas, may change their position against the reference bone marks, chosen by the surgeon, depending on the patient’s position (usually MRI and operative position of the patient are different) [4, 10]. The incision of dura mater is
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Intraoperative ultrasound imaging of the spinal cord: syringomyelia, cysts, and tumors-a pre-
Dohrmann GJ, Rubin JM. Intraoperative ultrasound imaging of the spinal cord: syringomyelia, cysts, and tumors-a pre-
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ultrasound for tumors of the cauda equina.
ultrasound for tumors of the cauda equina.
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Intraoperative transligamentous ultrasound in the evaluation of thoracic intraspinal disease. Technique.
Henegar MM, Vollmer DG, Silbergeld DL. Intraoperative transligamentous ultrasound in the evaluation of thoracic intraspinal disease. Technique.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Intraoperative ultrasound of intraand extramedullary tumours.
Regelsberger J, Langer N, Fritzsche E, Westphal M. Intraoperative ultrasound of intraand extramedullary tumours.
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Ultrasound-guided neurosurgery.
Unsgard G. Ultrasound-guided neurosurgery. In: Sindow M, (ed). Practical Handbook of Neurosurgery from leading Neurosurgeons. Springer. Viena, 2009, 407-427.
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of Neurology Ultrasound
of Neurology Ultrasound
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Transcranial Ultrasound Course
Transcranial Ultrasound Course
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

International Symposium on Ultrasound Classification
International Symposium on Ultrasound Classification
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on Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
on Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
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National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in
National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in
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Recent developments in Neurosonology suggest an extraordinary potential for clinical application.A few years ago, ultrasound as for the field of Neurology was mainly associated with finding evidence of stenosis within the framework of cerebro-vascular questions.
Recent developments in Neurosonology suggest an extraordinary potential for clinical application.A few years ago, ultrasound as for the field of Neurology was mainly associated with finding evidence of stenosis within the framework of cerebro-vascular questions. This perspective has now been expanded clearly into the direction of new application methods like the B-mode imaging of the brain parenchyma and peripheral nerves.
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A special physical principle forms the basis of imaging with ultrasound, due to varying reflections of sound waves at interfaces.
A special physical principle forms the basis of imaging with ultrasound, due to varying reflections of sound waves at interfaces. This is basically different from other methods for imaging tissue, because they physically base on magnetic resonance or x-rays. The future of Neurosonology lies exactly at the point of where this specific difference appears and acquires clinical significance.
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The articles of this issue and the National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Be
The articles of this issue and the National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Be
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Duplex ultrasound examination allows to view thrombus cyclical motion related to the cardiac cycles, which is of great advantage over other imaging methods of examination.
Complete concurrence in the results of conducted color-coded duplex sonography and CTA of carotid artery was exposed. Duplex ultrasound examination allows to view thrombus cyclical motion related to the cardiac cycles, which is of great advantage over other imaging methods of examination. Advantages and disadvantages of different modalities for treatment of this pathology are still discussed.
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Duplex ultrasound provides a sensitive and specific evaluation of plaque morphology and mobile structures in the carotid artery lumen which is a significant advantage over other neuroimaging methods [3].
In our clinical cases we excluded any cardiogenic cause for the embolic IS. Patients did not have any previous heart disease and had normal echocardiographies. In both patients FFT were formed by ruptured ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques, which were found intraoperatively. We used CDS and CT of the supraaortal arteries to diagnose FFT. Duplex ultrasound provides a sensitive and specific evaluation of plaque morphology and mobile structures in the carotid artery lumen which is a significant advantage over other neuroimaging methods [3]. When a free-floating cloth in carotid artery is established in most cases an operation is recommended – urgent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or embolectomy because of the great risk of repeating embolic IS [1]. In rare cases treatment only with anticoagulants is considered [1, 5, 13 ]. Endovascular therapy is extremely rare in patients with prior carotid endarterectomy, due to a very high risk of embolization during the procedure [1, 2]. In both our cases we preferred surgical removal of thrombus and ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque aiming prevention of recurrence of IS, an anticoagulant treatment during hospitalization and long-term double antiplatelet therapy.
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Recurrent stroke onset precipitated during carotid ultrasound examination in a case of severe internal carotid artery stenosis with soft, moving plaques.
Chan JL, Lee TH, Chen ST, Ryu SJ. Recurrent stroke onset precipitated during carotid ultrasound examination in a case of severe internal carotid artery stenosis with soft, moving plaques. In: Kodaira K, editor. Recent advances in neurosonology: proceedings of the Fourth Meeting of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology, Hiroshima 1991. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992. p. 441-443.
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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Ultrasound characteristics of adherent thrombi in the common carotis artery.
Kemeny V, Jung DK, Devuyst G. Ultrasound characteristics of adherent thrombi in the common carotis artery.
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The Intravascular mobile structure detected with duplex carotid ultrasound in patients with
Kimura K, Uchino M. The Intravascular mobile structure detected with duplex carotid ultrasound in patients with
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Semin Ultrasound CT MR
Semin Ultrasound CT MR
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Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
The application of functional neuroimaging methods for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience towards overcoming the limitations of structural imaging. Providing information about the state and dynamics of general and local perfusion, metabolism, or cerebral activity, they are widely applied for evaluation of cognitive and more specifically, language functions. They are the basis of the recent progress in clarifying the structural and functional brain correlates of normal language functions. They are largely applied in diagnostics and follow-up of disorders leading to language disturbances. Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
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Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
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Ultrasound functional neuroimaging methods
Ultrasound functional neuroimaging methods
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Ultrasound methods (color duplex scanning and transcranial Doppler ultrasound) are increasingly applied for several reasons including the vascular hypothesis for AD, the importance of modifiable vascular factors for AD and vascular dementia, and the role of the decrease of cerebral perfusion with age for the development of cognitive deficit.
Ultrasound methods (color duplex scanning and transcranial Doppler ultrasound) are increasingly applied for several reasons including the vascular hypothesis for AD, the importance of modifiable vascular factors for AD and vascular dementia, and the role of the decrease of cerebral perfusion with age for the development of cognitive deficit. They are able to detect vascular pathology causing chronic hypoperfusion decades before the onset of cognitive impairment, and help together with echocardiography, to screen cognitively intact middle-aged persons and ones with mild memory complaints. The assessment of intima-media complex is of special interest [18, 20, 19, 21, 22, 28, 43, 57], as are the detection of microembolic signals, impaired vasomotor reactivity of the basal cerebral arteries, etc.
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Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42].
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Bishop DV, Watt H, Papadatou-Pastou M. An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Carotid artery ultrasound and echocardiography testing to lower the prevalence of Alzheimer‘s disease.
de la Torre JC. Carotid artery ultrasound and echocardiography testing to lower the prevalence of Alzheimer‘s disease.
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Atypical cerebral lateralisation in adults with compensated developmental dyslexia demonstrated using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Illingworth S, Bishop DV. Atypical cerebral lateralisation in adults with compensated developmental dyslexia demonstrated using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Combined contrast-enhanced ultrasound and rt-PA treatment is safe and improves impaired microcirculation after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Nedelmann M, Ritschel N, Doenges S, Langheinrich AC, Acker T, Reuter P, Yeniguen M, Pukropski J, Kaps M, Mueller C, Bachmann G, Gerriets T. Combined contrast-enhanced ultrasound and rt-PA treatment is safe and improves impaired microcirculation after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion.
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„Ultrasound Classification of Carotid Stenoses“
„Ultrasound Classification of Carotid Stenoses“
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First National Consensus on Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
First National Consensus on Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
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At the iniciative of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics on March 11, 2011 in Sofia Kempinski Hotel Zografski an Iinternational symposium entitled: „Ultrasound classification of carotid stenoses is there a problem?
At the iniciative of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics on March 11, 2011 in Sofia Kempinski Hotel Zografski an Iinternational symposium entitled: „Ultrasound classification of carotid stenoses is there a problem? “ was held. The guest lecturer was Prof. Manfred Kaps President of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology.
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During the symposium the “First National Consensus on the Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology” was accepted.
During the symposium the “First National Consensus on the Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology” was accepted. It was organized by Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (chaired by Prof. E. Titianova, MD, DSc); Bulgarian Society of Neurology (chaired by Prof.
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The Consensus regulates the ultrasound diagnostics of different types of carotid pathology and principles of diagnostic and therapeutic approach depending on its location, type, severity and clinical characteristics.
The Consensus regulates the ultrasound diagnostics of different types of carotid pathology and principles of diagnostic and therapeutic approach depending on its location, type, severity and clinical characteristics. It is a practical guide for early diagnosis, prevention, right therapeutic approach and long-term monitoring of patients with carotid pathology. Its application by different medical specialists contribute to the high quality of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services in all units of outpatient and inpatient care. The algorhitm is consistent with the level of competence of each hospital and the individual characteristics of vascular pathology.
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Participants in the First National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology.
Participants in the First National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology.
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for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
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for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology
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carotid pathology, carotid endarterectomy, consensus, drugs, endovascular treatment, ultrasound diagnosis
carotid pathology, carotid endarterectomy, consensus, drugs, endovascular treatment, ultrasound diagnosis
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At the initiative of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, the Bulgarian Society of Neurology, the Bulgarian National Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, the Bulgarian Society of Endovascular Therapy and Bulgarian Stroke Prevention Foundation on March 11, 2011 in Sofia was accepted the First National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology.
At the initiative of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, the Bulgarian Society of Neurology, the Bulgarian National Society of Angiology and Vascular Surgery, the Bulgarian Society of Endovascular Therapy and Bulgarian Stroke Prevention Foundation on March 11, 2011 in Sofia was accepted the First National Consensus for Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology.
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The consensus regulates noninvasive ultrasound diagnosis of carotid pathology and principles of behavior depending on its location, type, severity and functional characteristics.
The consensus regulates noninvasive ultrasound diagnosis of carotid pathology and principles of behavior depending on its location, type, severity and functional characteristics. It serves as a practical guide for early diagnosis, adequate prevention, choosing the right therapeutic approach and long-term monitoring of threatened stroke risk population. Its application by different professionals contribute for high quality diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive health services in all units of outpatient and hospital care that are consistent with the level of competence of the hospital and the individual characteristics of the vascular pathology. The Consensus includes recommendations based on results of multicenter randomized clinical trials or meta-analysis (level of evidence A), single-center or non-randomized studies (level of evidence B) and expert advice or therapeutic standards (level of evidence C). Therapeutic and procedural recommendations are graded as required (class I), recommended (Class
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Нивото на компетентност се определя от нивото на обучение на човешкия ресурс и техническото оборудване на ултразвуковите лаборатории, следвайки указанията на националните стандарти и Европейската федерация на ултразвуковите дружества в медицината и биологията (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology).
Нивото на компетентност се определя от нивото на обучение на човешкия ресурс и техническото оборудване на ултразвуковите лаборатории, следвайки указанията на националните стандарти и Европейската федерация на ултразвуковите дружества в медицината и биологията (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology).
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(European Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety – ECMUS) [6]:
Клиничното невросонографско изследване следва принципите за безопастност и сигурност, регламентирани от Европейския комитет за безопастност на медицинския ултразвук, пета версия от 2008 г. (European Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety – ECMUS) [6]:
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Еuropean Federation Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety.
Еuropean Federation Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety. EFSUMB Clinical Safety Statement for Diagnostic Ultrasound – 2008. (www.efsumb.org)
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EFSUMB Clinical Safety Statement for Diagnostic Ultrasound – 2008. (www.efsumb.org)
Еuropean Federation Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety. EFSUMB Clinical Safety Statement for Diagnostic Ultrasound – 2008. (www.efsumb.org)
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Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound diagnosis—Society of
Grant EG, Benson CB, Moneta GL, et al. Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler ultrasound diagnosis—Society of
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Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference.
Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 2 , , ,

4D ultrasound imaging, myosonology
4D ultrasound imaging, myosonology
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The ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system (myosonology), as a key element in the algorithm of diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [4, 10].
The ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system (myosonology), as a key element in the algorithm of diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [4, 10]. As a noninvasive method, myosonology permits objectifying the structure of muscles, adjacent nerves, bones, joints and gives information about their vascularization. Its main advantage is the opportunity of depicting in real time the changes during the muscle contraction, which is used for evaluating the motor deficit of different muscle groups in experimental and clinical conditions [9]. The traumatic injuries of the neuromuscular system are thoroughly studied. The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely studied [1, 10, 19, 21].
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The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely studied [1, 10, 19, 21].
The ultrasound diagnostics of the musculoskeletal system (myosonology), as a key element in the algorithm of diagnosis and follow-up of these disorders, has become an alternative imaging method in neurology, orthopedics and sport medicine [4, 10]. As a noninvasive method, myosonology permits objectifying the structure of muscles, adjacent nerves, bones, joints and gives information about their vascularization. Its main advantage is the opportunity of depicting in real time the changes during the muscle contraction, which is used for evaluating the motor deficit of different muscle groups in experimental and clinical conditions [9]. The traumatic injuries of the neuromuscular system are thoroughly studied. The ultrasound imaging methods in patients with neuromuscular disorders are not widely studied [1, 10, 19, 21].
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The ultrasound characteristics of the skeletal muscles were evaluated by a multimodal colorcoded duplex sonograph (Logic 7, GE – Germany) with a special transducer for real time imaging.
(MRC) were performed. The cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography, the muscle activity and conduction velocities of the nerves – by EMG (electromyography) and nerve conduction studies and the structural changes in the hip muscles – by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ultrasound characteristics of the skeletal muscles were evaluated by a multimodal colorcoded duplex sonograph (Logic 7, GE – Germany) with a special transducer for real time imaging. The changes of the triceps surae muscle were investigated in a lying position according to a standard protocol during rest and during muscle contraction (spontaneous and induced by electrostimulation). The transducer is positioned perpendicularly on the muscle in order to avoid artifacts. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the myosonograms with measurements of the transverse diameter of the lateral head of the muscle in longitudal projection, the inclination of the muscle fibers towards the surface of the aponeurosis and their architectonics were performed by 4D imaging during rest and plantar flexion (spontaneous and induced by electric stimulation). The results were compared to mysononograms of a 27-year-old healthy fe-
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discovered changes in the ultrasound characteristics of the calf muscle – its transverse diameter was reduced, the muscle fibres were inclined and their orientation was under a smaller angle towards the aponeurosis.
discovered changes in the ultrasound characteristics of the calf muscle – its transverse diameter was reduced, the muscle fibres were inclined and their orientation was under a smaller angle towards the aponeurosis. No significant changes in the angle between the muscle fibres and the aponeurosis were found during plantar flexion and the electrostimulation. On 4D ultrasound imaging the hyperechoic
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On 4D ultrasound imaging the hyperechoic
discovered changes in the ultrasound characteristics of the calf muscle – its transverse diameter was reduced, the muscle fibres were inclined and their orientation was under a smaller angle towards the aponeurosis. No significant changes in the angle between the muscle fibres and the aponeurosis were found during plantar flexion and the electrostimulation. On 4D ultrasound imaging the hyperechoic
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Fourdimensional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of dystal myopathy.
Titianova Е, Chamova T, Guergueltcheva V, Tournev I. Fourdimensional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of dystal myopathy. Abstracts of the 16
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European standard for high-tech medical equipment such as ultrasound.
The relationship between the decrease in the level and frequency of occupational risks was established incl. persons working with highly specialized medical activities and the introduction of good practice in occupational medicine incl. European standard for high-tech medical equipment such as ultrasound. Recommendations are made for improving the organization, information and training, as well as the creation of an integrated electronic health record.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
The aim of the NSRG meetings is to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to come together to talk about the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to stimulate teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will
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contribute to translate the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice.
contribute to translate the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the possibility to acquire an International Certificate in Neurosonology.
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The aim of this study was to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of ultrasound imaging in a patient with proximal common carotid artery (CCA) dissection after CEA of the internal carotid artery (ICA) on the same side.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of ultrasound imaging in a patient with proximal common carotid artery (CCA) dissection after CEA of the internal carotid artery (ICA) on the same side.
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There is a combination of several cardiovascular risk factors longstanding hypertension, dyslipidemia, degenerative aortic valve stenosis, chronic thrombosis of the right ICA and severe stenosis (75%) of the left ICA (proved by ultrasound methods Fig.
The study was conducted in a 62-year-old man with multifocal atherosclerosis, caused ischemic heart disease, chronic arterial insufficiency of lower extremities as a result of chronic thrombosis of the deep femoral artery and transient motor aphasia 1 month before hospitalization. There is a combination of several cardiovascular risk factors longstanding hypertension, dyslipidemia, degenerative aortic valve stenosis, chronic thrombosis of the right ICA and severe stenosis (75%) of the left ICA (proved by ultrasound methods Fig. 1), followed by CEA patch plastic without shunt in 2011.
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B-flow imaging (so called ultrasound angiography) was used to obtain real time information from the moving blood cells formed elements.
The major arteries of the head were investigated by multimodal duplex-sonography (Logiq 7, GE Germany) using different imaging methods. B-flow imaging (so called ultrasound angiography) was used to obtain real time information from the moving blood cells formed elements. The received B-flow image is 3 times greater
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A 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging was applied for assessment of echogenicity, consistency, shape and surface of the morphological changes of the arterial wall and lumen.
resolution and 4 times faster than conventional B-mode [2]. A 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging was applied for assessment of echogenicity, consistency, shape and surface of the morphological changes of the arterial wall and lumen. The sonographic findings were compared with the results from digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
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Ultrasound angiography showed blood flow by crossing true and false lumen in the form of the loop.
Sonographic examination revealed persistent chronic thrombosis of the right ICA, intact patch of the left ICA and a spiral dissection of the left CCA beginning from the bifurcation and covering the two thirds of the CCA. Ultrasound angiography showed blood flow by crossing true and false lumen in the form of the loop. A 3-dimensional ultrasound mapping visualized a small fenestra through which the blood flow returned to the true lumen. The dissection caused approximately 50% local lumen CCA stenosis without hemodynamic changes in the distal blood flow (Fig. 2).
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A 3-dimensional ultrasound mapping visualized a small fenestra through which the blood flow returned to the true lumen.
Sonographic examination revealed persistent chronic thrombosis of the right ICA, intact patch of the left ICA and a spiral dissection of the left CCA beginning from the bifurcation and covering the two thirds of the CCA. Ultrasound angiography showed blood flow by crossing true and false lumen in the form of the loop. A 3-dimensional ultrasound mapping visualized a small fenestra through which the blood flow returned to the true lumen. The dissection caused approximately 50% local lumen CCA stenosis without hemodynamic changes in the distal blood flow (Fig. 2).
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. The surface and texture of the plaque are seen by 4-dimentional ultrasound
. The surface and texture of the plaque are seen by 4-dimentional ultrasound
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According to Archie and Rosenthal two/thirds of the postoperative cerebral events (stroke and transient ischemic attacks) after CEA are due to dissections, intimal fleps or vessel wall damage by clamps, detected by ultrasound in 27% of the patients during CEA [11].
Carotid endarterectomy is associated with different types of periprocedure and postoperative complications fluctuation in blood pressure, stroke, venous thrombembolism, infections, restenosis, cranial nerves lesions or death. Their frequency and etiology differ in individual studies. Some of the incidents are from emboli of the synthetic patch [8]. According to Archie and Rosenthal two/thirds of the postoperative cerebral events (stroke and transient ischemic attacks) after CEA are due to dissections, intimal fleps or vessel wall damage by clamps, detected by ultrasound in 27% of the patients during CEA [11]. Dissections occur most frequently in the first hours after blood flow restoration following the eversion CEA, they appear distally to CEA and often are symptomatic – cause lesions of the cranial nerves (58%), stroke (8%) or death (2%) [6, 7, 8, 10]. Proximal dissections are rare complication after CEA with shunt [9]. Our study demonstrates a case of proximal CCA dissection after CEA without shunt, clinically presented with isolated neck pain on the same side.
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, 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging
, 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging
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For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%.
Ultrasonic methods are the fastest, cheapest and highly informative tool for noninvasive diagnosis of periand postoperative complications associated with CEA or stenting [2]. For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%. A mobile hyperechoic intimal flap and double vascular lumen causing carotid stenosis with an irregular shape and flame-type end is detected [3, 4]. The formation of distal fenestra causes return of part of the flow from false to true lumen. The absence of fenestra induces the deposition of embolic material at the bottom of the false lumen. In a large intimal defect (more than 6-8 mm) intramural hematoma is most commonly found, whose echogenicity is determined by its limitation
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Peripheral vascular ultrasound.
Abigail T, Hartshorne T. Peripheral vascular ultrasound. Haw, why and when. Elsevier, 2005:106.
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Ultrasound characteristics of the triceps surae muscle ware assessed by multi-color duplex sonography (Logic 7, GE Germany), equipped with a transducer for 4-dimensional imaging in real time.
Ultrasound characteristics of the triceps surae muscle ware assessed by multi-color duplex sonography (Logic 7, GE Germany), equipped with a transducer for 4-dimensional imaging in real time. Changes in triceps surae were measured in supine position of the patient at rest and during muscle contraction (spontaneous and provoked by electric stimulation of n. tibialis) following a standard protocol [2]. The transducer was placed perpendicularly to the muscle to avoid ehogenic artifacts. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of myosonograms was performed by measuring the transverse diameter of the muscle two heads (medial and lateral) in longitudinal projection, the inclination of the muscle fibers to the surface of the aponeurosis and their architectonics in 4-D imaging at rest and muscle contraction. The results were compared with myosonograms of triceps surae in a healthy control and a patient with myopathy related to age and gender.
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Peripheral nerve and muscle ultrasound in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Cartwright MS, Walker FO, Griffin LP, Caress JB. Peripheral nerve and muscle ultrasound in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Fourdimensional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of dystal myopathy.
Titianova Е, Chamova T, Guergueltcheva V, Tournev I. Fourdimensional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of dystal myopathy. 16th Meeting of the European Society of Neurosonology and Haemodynamics, Munich, Germany, May 20-23 2011.
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Ultrasound imaging contributes to early detection of vascular complications [4].
To increase the functional capacity of the spinal cord, various neurorehabilitation techniques are used [3]. In Th6 level injury or above there is a risk of life-threatening autonomic dysreflexia. Demineralization of bones is common in spinal cord injuries and appears very quickly after paralysis. Bone loss reaches 22% within three months. Pulmonary function is impaired in all patients with spinal cord traumas. Ultrasound imaging contributes to early detection of vascular complications [4].
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The scientific program included lectures in current Neurosonology criteria for carotid stenoses, telesonology, new diagnostic ultrasound methods, sonotrombolysis, ultrasonic emboli detection etc.
The forum was attended by over 350 sonologists worldwide. The scientific program included lectures in current Neurosonology criteria for carotid stenoses, telesonology, new diagnostic ultrasound methods, sonotrombolysis, ultrasonic emboli detection etc. Speakers at the meeting were M. Kaps (Germany),
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Four-dimensional ultrasound in Neurology was presented by Prof. E.
N. Raman (Singapore), Y. Huang (China), L. Wang (China) and others. Four-dimensional ultrasound in Neurology was presented by Prof. E. Titianova (Bulgaria). The Forum was preceded by an educational course in Neurosonology, followed by theoretical and practical examination for international certification.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics” is the official journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal will publish original papers on the ultrasound diagnosis in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as interesting articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

By means of ultrasound (US) methods structural and functional properties of the muscle tissue could be detected in patients in real time and non-invasively.
By means of ultrasound (US) methods structural and functional properties of the muscle tissue could be detected in patients in real time and non-invasively. Since dynamic analysis in cardioechography is established in clinical routine myosonolgy is moving more and more in the focus of interest for scientists and neurologists. Using high resolution B-Mode the physiological and pathological structures of the muscle tissue could be visualized. US of muscles was first used during examinations of athletes to detect muscle injuries like bleedings or disruption after exercise. Even more, the position of needle electrodes for biopsy or injections of medications – e.g. botulinum toxins or local anesthetics opens new quality improvement for the treatment of patients.
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the ESNCH held in Munich 2012, reveal the trends in Neurosonology which focussed on the extension of ultrasound (US) imaging on peripheral nerves and muscles
Publications and presentations during the last international US meetings, e.g. the ESNCH held in Munich 2012, reveal the trends in Neurosonology which focussed on the extension of ultrasound (US) imaging on peripheral nerves and muscles
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Ultrasound application in other than neurological indication extended more and more the diagnostic field in competition to CT/MRI e.g.
beside the descriptions of plaque morphology and risk factors, grading of carotid stenosis, microemboli detection, acute stroke managment, brain tissue imaging and cerebral autoregulation. The technical development of the US equipment demonstrates further improvements of the image quality and fast processing leading to increased spacial and temporal resolution, improved contrast imaging, elasthography and easy to use application to support the application of the US technology even in the daily routine with high quality. Ultrasound application in other than neurological indication extended more and more the diagnostic field in competition to CT/MRI e.g. analysis of tumour tissue using ultrasound contrast agents, searching for lymph node pathology and future aspects of local drug application by loaded microbubbles and treatment via sonovaporation [14].
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analysis of tumour tissue using ultrasound contrast agents, searching for lymph node pathology and future aspects of local drug application by loaded microbubbles and treatment via sonovaporation [14].
beside the descriptions of plaque morphology and risk factors, grading of carotid stenosis, microemboli detection, acute stroke managment, brain tissue imaging and cerebral autoregulation. The technical development of the US equipment demonstrates further improvements of the image quality and fast processing leading to increased spacial and temporal resolution, improved contrast imaging, elasthography and easy to use application to support the application of the US technology even in the daily routine with high quality. Ultrasound application in other than neurological indication extended more and more the diagnostic field in competition to CT/MRI e.g. analysis of tumour tissue using ultrasound contrast agents, searching for lymph node pathology and future aspects of local drug application by loaded microbubbles and treatment via sonovaporation [14].
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In two studies it was shown that under ultrasound guidance an improved positioning and accuracy of the needles in the muscle can be achieved [5, 7].
One difficulty of the needle EMG-examination of patients with muscle atrophy or of obese patients is the correct positioning of electrodes and derivation of the reference muscles. Practically many derivation positions or insertions are recommended with the EMG needle, in order to get security. A correct anatomical positioning of the needle electrode with reference to landmarks and trigonomy with the acoustic feedback alone can lead to misplacement especially when not experienced investigators perform the EMG. In two studies it was shown that under ultrasound guidance an improved positioning and accuracy of the needles in the muscle can be achieved [5, 7]. This method is now known as Real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUI). But it is important to note that the resolution of the needle position in the ultrasound is critically dependant on the needle diameter and fine electrodes will not be visualized. Due to movement artifacts of the needle in the ultrasound image an assignment is possible. Injection needles, especially when small air bubbles or liquid at the needle tip can be released enable a very accurate
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This method is now known as Real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUI).
One difficulty of the needle EMG-examination of patients with muscle atrophy or of obese patients is the correct positioning of electrodes and derivation of the reference muscles. Practically many derivation positions or insertions are recommended with the EMG needle, in order to get security. A correct anatomical positioning of the needle electrode with reference to landmarks and trigonomy with the acoustic feedback alone can lead to misplacement especially when not experienced investigators perform the EMG. In two studies it was shown that under ultrasound guidance an improved positioning and accuracy of the needles in the muscle can be achieved [5, 7]. This method is now known as Real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUI). But it is important to note that the resolution of the needle position in the ultrasound is critically dependant on the needle diameter and fine electrodes will not be visualized. Due to movement artifacts of the needle in the ultrasound image an assignment is possible. Injection needles, especially when small air bubbles or liquid at the needle tip can be released enable a very accurate
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But it is important to note that the resolution of the needle position in the ultrasound is critically dependant on the needle diameter and fine electrodes will not be visualized.
One difficulty of the needle EMG-examination of patients with muscle atrophy or of obese patients is the correct positioning of electrodes and derivation of the reference muscles. Practically many derivation positions or insertions are recommended with the EMG needle, in order to get security. A correct anatomical positioning of the needle electrode with reference to landmarks and trigonomy with the acoustic feedback alone can lead to misplacement especially when not experienced investigators perform the EMG. In two studies it was shown that under ultrasound guidance an improved positioning and accuracy of the needles in the muscle can be achieved [5, 7]. This method is now known as Real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUI). But it is important to note that the resolution of the needle position in the ultrasound is critically dependant on the needle diameter and fine electrodes will not be visualized. Due to movement artifacts of the needle in the ultrasound image an assignment is possible. Injection needles, especially when small air bubbles or liquid at the needle tip can be released enable a very accurate
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Due to movement artifacts of the needle in the ultrasound image an assignment is possible.
Practically many derivation positions or insertions are recommended with the EMG needle, in order to get security. A correct anatomical positioning of the needle electrode with reference to landmarks and trigonomy with the acoustic feedback alone can lead to misplacement especially when not experienced investigators perform the EMG. In two studies it was shown that under ultrasound guidance an improved positioning and accuracy of the needles in the muscle can be achieved [5, 7]. This method is now known as Real-time ultrasound imaging (RTUI). But it is important to note that the resolution of the needle position in the ultrasound is critically dependant on the needle diameter and fine electrodes will not be visualized. Due to movement artifacts of the needle in the ultrasound image an assignment is possible. Injection needles, especially when small air bubbles or liquid at the needle tip can be released enable a very accurate
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In a prospective clinical study on the correct placement of the injection needle, the ultrasound was used as reference method.
ment of spasticity or dystonia. Here it is particularly important to inject into the right muscles or glands to avoid some serious side effects (e.g. dysphgia with aspiration). In addition, the volume injected can be shown and documented very well in the B-picture. In a prospective clinical study on the correct placement of the injection needle, the ultrasound was used as reference method.
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By using ultrasound imaging a significant improvement had been possible [22].
m. gastrocnemius lateralis. By using ultrasound imaging a significant improvement had been possible [22].
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Recent studies compare ultrasound imaging versus EMG to detect fasciculations / myoclonus [2, 12].
In a variety of neurological diseases fasciculations and myoclonus are typical pathological indicators for chronic axonal lesions. Clinical inspection is limited to the surface, but the assignment to the muscles or the even the recognition can be difficult in obese patients or for muscles lying in deeper areas. In these cases, B-mode US allows detection of smaller or slower spontaneous muscle movement in deeper layers, which can not be seen during clinical inspection. Recent studies compare ultrasound imaging versus EMG to detect fasciculations / myoclonus [2, 12]. The Interobserver agreement lays with the kappa value of 0.65 in the moderate significant range and reached a specificity of up to 85%.
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Ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block: a sonoanatomic study of a new methodologic approach
Akkaya T, Ozturk E, Comert A, Ates Y, Gumus H, Ozturk H, Tekdemir I, Elhan A. Ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block: a sonoanatomic study of a new methodologic approach
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Detection of fibrillations using muscle ultrasound: diagnostic accuracy and identification of pitfalls.
van Alfen N, Nienhuis M, Zwarts MJ, Pillen S. Detection of fibrillations using muscle ultrasound: diagnostic accuracy and identification of pitfalls.
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ultrasound guided.
Boon AJ, Oney-Marlow TM, Murthy NS, Harper CM, McNamara TR, Smith J. Accuracy of electromyography needle placement in cadavers: Non-guided vs. ultrasound guided.
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Hodges PW, Kippers V, Richardson CA.Validation of a technique for accurate fine-wire electrode placement into posterior gluteus medius using real-time ultrasound guidance. Electromyogr
Hodges PW, Kippers V, Richardson CA.Validation of a technique for accurate fine-wire electrode placement into posterior gluteus medius using real-time ultrasound guidance. Electromyogr
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Optimizing ultrasound-guided biopsy of muscelosceletal masses by application of an ultrasound contrast agent.
Loizides A, Widmann G, Freuis T, Peer S, Gruber H. Optimizing ultrasound-guided biopsy of muscelosceletal masses by application of an ultrasound contrast agent.
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Intrasession and interrater reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging measures of the deep neck flexors: A pilot study.
McGaugh J, Ellison J. Intrasession and interrater reliability of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging measures of the deep neck flexors: A pilot study.
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Ultrasound of muscles.
Peetrons P. Ultrasound of muscles.
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Muscles alive: ultrasound detects fibrillations.
Pillen S, Nienhuis M, van Dijk JP, Arts IM, van Alfen N, Zwarts MJ. Muscles alive: ultrasound detects fibrillations.
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Localized ultrasound enhances delivery of rapamycin from microbubbles to prevent smooth muscle proliferation, 2011 Apr 23.
Phillips LC, Klibanov AL, Wamhoff BR, Hossack JA. Localized ultrasound enhances delivery of rapamycin from microbubbles to prevent smooth muscle proliferation, 2011 Apr 23. [Epub ahead of print]
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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Fourdimentional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of distal myopathy.
Titianova E, Chamova T, Guergueltcheva V, Tournev I. Fourdimentional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of distal myopathy.
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Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of skeletal muscle.
Weber MA, Wormsbecher S, Krix M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of skeletal muscle.
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Effect of fatigue on muscle elasticity in the human forearm using ultrasound strain imaging.
Witte RS, Kim K, Martin BJ, O'Donnell M. Effect of fatigue on muscle elasticity in the human forearm using ultrasound strain imaging.
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Evaluation of human muscle hardness after dynamic exercise with ultrasound real-time tissue elastography: A feasibility study.
Yanagisawa O, Niitsu M, Kurihara T, Fukubayashi T. Evaluation of human muscle hardness after dynamic exercise with ultrasound real-time tissue elastography: A feasibility study.
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It has been shown that the myoarchitectonics of skeletal muscles may be successfully investigated by modern ultrasound techniques [12, 13, 14].
structural changes in paretic muscles [6, 8, 9]. It has been shown that the myoarchitectonics of skeletal muscles may be successfully investigated by modern ultrasound techniques [12, 13, 14]. The aim of the present study was to analyze the myosonographic changes in triceps surae muscles of both legs (paretic and non-paretic) in a patient with chronic spastic hemiparesis after
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Ultrasound characteristics of the triceps surae muscle were assessed by multi-color duplex sonography (Logic 7, GE Germany), equipped with a transducer for 4-dimensional imaging in real time.
Ultrasound characteristics of the triceps surae muscle were assessed by multi-color duplex sonography (Logic 7, GE Germany), equipped with a transducer for 4-dimensional imaging in real time. Changes in both triceps surae muscles were measured in supine position of the patient at rest and during muscle contraction (spontaneous and induced by electric stimulation of n. tibialis) following a standard protocol [4]. The transducer was placed perpendicularly to the muscle to avoid echogenic artifacts. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of myosonograms was performed by measuring the transverse diameter of the muscle’s two heads (lateral and medial) in longitudinal pro-
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This study by four-dimensional ultrasound imaging of triceps surae muscle in post-stroke hemiparesis is the first of its kind.
This study by four-dimensional ultrasound imaging of triceps surae muscle in post-stroke hemiparesis is the first of its kind. It establishes bilateral asymmetrical changes in triceps surae muscle myoarchitectonics (on the paretic and non-paretic side), which supports the thesis for bilateral reorganization of motor control after unilateral stroke [10, 11, 14]. The patient we presented was with decreased muscle volume of the paretic calf, asymmetric bilaterally enlarged hyperechoic septa of fibrous and fatty tissue in triceps surae perimisium and sonographic data for changed myoarchitectonics significantly expressed on the side of paresis – replacement of the normal grain grid structure of triceps surae muscle by a more coarse granular one, due to the inactivity hypotrophy, intramuscular connective tissue proliferation and fatty degeneration. Bilateral structural changes in affected muscles are established with other research methods [5-7, 9].
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Fourdimentional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of distal myopathy.
Titianova E, Chamova T, Guergueltcheva V, Tournev I. Fourdimentional ultrasound calf muscle imaging in patients with genetic types of distal myopathy.
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Neuroimaging methods – ultrasound of cerebral intracranial venous circulation and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) are increasingly used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of venous circulation disturbances.
The diagnosis of intracranial venous pathology is difficult. Neuroimaging methods – ultrasound of cerebral intracranial venous circulation and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) are increasingly used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of venous circulation disturbances. Neuroimaging methods have the leading
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Klisurski [2] the criteria for ultrasound diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis are pointed out as follows:
term prognosis. Based on a publication of E. Titianova and M. Klisurski [2] the criteria for ultrasound diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis are pointed out as follows:
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Handbook on neurovascular ultrasound. S.
Stolz E. Cerebral veins and sinuses. Handbook on neurovascular ultrasound. S. Karger AG. Basel, 2006, 182-193.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza J, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhdupl K. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Ultrasound
Ultrasound
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The scientific program is devoted to new directions in Neurosonology focusing on Fourdimensional ultrasound imaging, progress in modern Neurorehabilitation, applying thrombectomy and / or therapeutic hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke.
The scientific program is devoted to new directions in Neurosonology focusing on Fourdimensional ultrasound imaging, progress in modern Neurorehabilitation, applying thrombectomy and / or therapeutic hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Participants will learn about the latest developments in these areas and the possibilities of their applications worldwide and in Bulgaria.
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We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
The aim of the NSRG meetings is to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to come together to talk about the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to stimulate teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translate the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the pos-
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We believe that this meeting will contribute to translate the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice.
The aim of the NSRG meetings is to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to come together to talk about the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to stimulate teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translate the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the pos-
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal is published original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics” is the official Journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal is published original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 1 , , ,

Ultrasound and the Study of the so-called Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis
Ultrasound and the Study of the so-called Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency in Multiple Sclerosis
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Multiple sclerosis, Neurosonology, Ultrasound
Multiple sclerosis, Neurosonology, Ultrasound
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This review gives a comprehensive overview of the methodological flaws of the ultrasound based “CCSVI” concept.
The concept proposes that chronic venous outflow failure is associated with venous reflux and congestion and leads to iron deposition, thereby inducing neuroinflammation and degeneration. The revival of this concept has generated major interest in media and patient groups, mainly driven by the hope that endovascular treatment of “CCSVI” could alleviate MS. Many investigators tried to replicate Zamboni’s results with duplex sonography, MRI, and catheter angiography. The data obtained here do generally not support the “CCSVI” concept. Moreover, there are no methodologically adequate studies to prove or disprove beneficial effects of endovascular treatment in MS. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the methodological flaws of the ultrasound based “CCSVI” concept. In our view, there is currently no basis to diagnose or treat “CCSVI” in the care of MS patients.
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Ultrasound studies
Ultrasound studies
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The meta-analysis explicitly addressed the question of ultrasound examination quality and suggests that one possible reason for a low prevalence of “CCSVI” in some studies might be the insufficient experience of the investigators [33].
Recently, Laupacis and co-workers presented the first meta-analysis of existing results on the “CCSVI” hypothesis, including all studies with MS patients and controls published so far [33]. The meta-analysis explicitly addressed the question of ultrasound examination quality and suggests that one possible reason for a low prevalence of “CCSVI” in some studies might be the insufficient experience of the investigators [33]. Interestingly their analysis shows a significant negative association between the postulated qualification/experience of certain research groups and the number of their published ultrasound studies in this field. US examination of veins responsible of the intracranial drainage requires the consideration of the particular features and specific characteristics of the cerebral and cervical venous system which is essential for correct differentiation between physiological variants/anomalies and pathological findings. For example, unlike to other parts of the body, the cerebral venous system is valveless allowing a reversal of blood flow direction [4, 45]. Furthermore, intracranial veins are not capacitance vessels like the veins of the extremities, as they only dilate to a limited degree. A further characteristic is that they do not collapse in a vertical body position, because the skull is a sealed cavity [12, 38].
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Interestingly their analysis shows a significant negative association between the postulated qualification/experience of certain research groups and the number of their published ultrasound studies in this field.
Recently, Laupacis and co-workers presented the first meta-analysis of existing results on the “CCSVI” hypothesis, including all studies with MS patients and controls published so far [33]. The meta-analysis explicitly addressed the question of ultrasound examination quality and suggests that one possible reason for a low prevalence of “CCSVI” in some studies might be the insufficient experience of the investigators [33]. Interestingly their analysis shows a significant negative association between the postulated qualification/experience of certain research groups and the number of their published ultrasound studies in this field. US examination of veins responsible of the intracranial drainage requires the consideration of the particular features and specific characteristics of the cerebral and cervical venous system which is essential for correct differentiation between physiological variants/anomalies and pathological findings. For example, unlike to other parts of the body, the cerebral venous system is valveless allowing a reversal of blood flow direction [4, 45]. Furthermore, intracranial veins are not capacitance vessels like the veins of the extremities, as they only dilate to a limited degree. A further characteristic is that they do not collapse in a vertical body position, because the skull is a sealed cavity [12, 38]. The situation is similar in the spinal cavity so that the term “craniovertebral cavity” might be more accurate than the commonly referred to sealed “intracranial cavity”.
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The longitudinal oriented cervical veins have to be examined by ultrasound in longitudinal planes in each case, as due to the Doppler formula, reliable measurements are dependent on the ultrasound angle, and ultrasound application at 90° can misleadingly suggest zero flow.
0.88 seconds [67]. The Methods section states that: “For each assessment the direction of flow is [analyzed either with the pulsed wave mode and the sample placed in the vessel, at a 60° angle, or with the colour coded mode, by comparing the colour of the flow in the IJV/VV with that of the satellite carotid and/or vertebral artery, respectively. Either the IJVs or the VVs can be examined by using both the transversal and/or the longitudinal cervical access“. Again, from the methodological point of view, we strongly recommend assessment by pulsed-wave Doppler mode in addition to color-coded mode. The longitudinal oriented cervical veins have to be examined by ultrasound in longitudinal planes in each case, as due to the Doppler formula, reliable measurements are dependent on the ultrasound angle, and ultrasound application at 90° can misleadingly suggest zero flow. The presented figure in this paper only shows a transversal section through the IJV and the common carotid artery, which both show a red signal, thereby suggesting a retrograde flow in the IJV. Transversal IJV examination may be adequate for determining flow direction in hurried routine examinations especially as using this method the probe can be adjusted
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to improve the angle of the ultrasound beam.
to improve the angle of the ultrasound beam. In clinical research, stringent methodological standards have to be fulfilled, and the cervical veins definitely have to be assessed to determine the longitudinal flow direction.
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Moreover, one other ultrasound study done in 10 healthy volunteers measuring CSA of the IJV just above the carotid bifurcation showed a range of CSA on the right IJV between 0.11 and 0.77 cm
without pathological meaning. Furthermore, interpretation was already limited as the study focused on patients in intensive care and did not include healthy subjects. Therefore, Zamboni et al. based their conclusions on misinterpretation of a previous study. It has also to be mentioned that in this work the area of the IJV was measured 15 mm above the cricoid cartilage which does not exclude smaller areas at more proximal or distal locations. Moreover, one other ultrasound study done in 10 healthy volunteers measuring CSA of the IJV just above the carotid bifurcation showed a range of CSA on the right IJV between 0.11 and 0.77 cm
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As a side note, the criterion of zero flow in a visible vein has been a key source of uncertainty for research groups that have applied the Zamboni ultrasound protocol, as it was unclear whether the definition referred to a lack of flow unior bilateral, in one or both postures or on both sides in both postures.
As a side note, the criterion of zero flow in a visible vein has been a key source of uncertainty for research groups that have applied the Zamboni ultrasound protocol, as it was unclear whether the definition referred to a lack of flow unior bilateral, in one or both postures or on both sides in both postures. Our initial interpretation of his argument was that a lack of flow had to present in both IJVs or both VVs in both positions. This would explain why our application of this Zamboni criterion found much lower prevalence than Zamboni himself. Only the accidental
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It should also be pointed out that ultrasound examinations of the VVs often lead to an unintentional compression of the IJVs and thus to a compensatory increase in the VV flow.
discovery of a reference to our publication on the internet brought to our attention that Zamboni considers zero flow in a single vein, independently of posture, to be a pathological symptom [24]. It should also be pointed out that ultrasound examinations of the VVs often lead to an unintentional compression of the IJVs and thus to a compensatory increase in the VV flow. We observed a similar phenomenon in patients with a postoperative status after neck dissection with resection of an IJV [20]. It seems very likely to us that groups unable to find a lack of flow in the VV fell victim to false-positive results. Even experienced investigators might find positive blood flow in the VVs due to accidental compression of the IJVs when the subject changes posture. But, again, we must emphasize that the absence of blood flow is not a pathological condition per se.
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To identify the IJV with certainty, researchers should either continue ultrasound monitoring of the IJV as the subject stands or sits up or perform a short VM to dilate the IJV.
Collapse of the IJVs in upright position is a physiological effect of the drop in hydrostatic pressure and should not be considered a pathological phenomenon. Therefore, lack of posturaldependent IJV collapse may indicate proximal venous obstruction and has been observed in a few cases in one of our own studies [21]. However, in subsequent examinations we found that we had probably mistaken other veins for the IJV in the upright position, as the IJV was frequently completely collapsed. To identify the IJV with certainty, researchers should either continue ultrasound monitoring of the IJV as the subject stands or sits up or perform a short VM to dilate the IJV. Furthermore, to assess the real hemodynamic relevance in cases of absent venous postural collapse the differences of blood flow volume between the supine and sitting body position should be analysed. In the only one published work using blood flow volume measurements we found a significant higher decrease of blood volume flow in the sitting position in normal subjects, suggesting an even better venous drainage via the IJVs in this position in MS patients [21].
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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Venous collateral blood flow assessed by Doppler ultrasound after unilateral radical neck dissection.
upl KM, Valdueza JM. Venous collateral blood flow assessed by Doppler ultrasound after unilateral radical neck dissection.
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A systematic ultrasound analysis of cerebral venous drainage patterns.
nster T, Rademacher J, Klingebiel R, Valdueza JM. How does the blood leave the brain? A systematic ultrasound analysis of cerebral venous drainage patterns.
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The internal jugular veins are asymmetric.Usefulness of ultrasound before catheterization.
Lichtenstein D, Saifi R, Augarde R, Prin S, Schmitt JM, Page B, Pipien I, Jardin F. The internal jugular veins are asymmetric.Usefulness of ultrasound before catheterization.
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Functional and morphological criteria of internal jugular valve insufficiency as assessed by ultrasound.
Nedelmann M, Eicke BM, Dieterich M. Functional and morphological criteria of internal jugular valve insufficiency as assessed by ultrasound.
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P. Sreening for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficieny (CCSVI) using ultrasound.
P. Sreening for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficieny (CCSVI) using ultrasound. Recommendations for a protocol.
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J Clin Ultrasound
J Clin Ultrasound
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Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
upl KM. Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza, JM, Schmierer, K, Mehraein, S, Einhaupl, KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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(1997), Neurosurgery (1993), Ultrasound in Medicine (2001), Clinical Neurophysiology – Electromyography (1999) and
(1997), Neurosurgery (1993), Ultrasound in Medicine (2001), Clinical Neurophysiology – Electromyography (1999) and
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Ultrasound (2000)
Ultrasound (2000)
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Ultrasound, Stroke, Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, Brain Tumours, Migraine
Ultrasound, Stroke, Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis, Brain Tumours, Migraine
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German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine, European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, World Stroke Organization
German Society of Ultrasound in Medicine, European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, World Stroke Organization
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We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
The objectives of the NSRG meetings are to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to discuss the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to standardize and advance teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the possibility to acquire an International Certificate in Neurosonology.
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We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice.
The objectives of the NSRG meetings are to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to discuss the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to standardize and advance teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the possibility to acquire an International Certificate in Neurosonology.
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Ultrasound in acute stroke
Ultrasound in acute stroke
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Ultrasound contrast agents
Ultrasound contrast agents
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Ultrasound guided neurosurgery & biopsy
Ultrasound guided neurosurgery & biopsy
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Ultrasound guided botulinum toxin injection
Ultrasound guided botulinum toxin injection
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Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Treatment
Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Treatment
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal is published original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics” is the official Journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal is published original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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18. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
The objectives of the NSRG meetings are to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to discuss the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to standardize and advance teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the possibility to acquire an International Certificate in Neurosonology.
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We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice.
The objectives of the NSRG meetings are to offer a platform for experts from all over the world to discuss the present state of the art in Neurosonology, to standardize and advance teaching programs and to update and discuss guidelines and standards. We hope to continue the successful tradition of bringing together worldwide specialists who are interested in Neurosonology and application of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. We believe that this meeting will contribute to translation of the advanced ultrasound technology to clinical practice. During the meeting delegates will be given the possibility to acquire an International Certificate in Neurosonology.
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Translational Neurosonology – Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Management
Translational Neurosonology – Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Management
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Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors
Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors
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Basics in Physics and Instrumentation of Diagnostic Vascular Ultrasound.
Basics in Physics and Instrumentation of Diagnostic Vascular Ultrasound.
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Ultrasound System Design for Sonothrombolysis with Microbubbles.
Ultrasound System Design for Sonothrombolysis with Microbubbles.
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Plenary Session II: Translational Neurosonology – Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Management
Plenary Session II: Translational Neurosonology – Implementation of Ultrasound in Stroke Management
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Ultrasound Imaging.
Ultrasound Imaging.
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Subclinical Ultrasound Markers in the Prevention of Cerebrovascular Diseases.
Subclinical Ultrasound Markers in the Prevention of Cerebrovascular Diseases.
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Intraoperative Ultrasound to Control Resection of Brain Metastases.
Intraoperative Ultrasound to Control Resection of Brain Metastases.
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Ultrasound-Guidance of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Dystonia and Spasticity.
Ultrasound-Guidance of Botulinum Toxin Injections in Dystonia and Spasticity.
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Measurement of Carotid Plaque Volume with VOCALTMII Technique by 3-Dimensional Ultrasound.
Measurement of Carotid Plaque Volume with VOCALTMII Technique by 3-Dimensional Ultrasound.
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Technical Aspects for Ultrasound Visualization of Spinal Cord Vasculature.
Technical Aspects for Ultrasound Visualization of Spinal Cord Vasculature.
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Carotid Blood Flow, Cardiac Function and Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease – Correlative Clinical and Ultrasound Studies.
Carotid Blood Flow, Cardiac Function and Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease – Correlative Clinical and Ultrasound Studies.
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Correlation between Carotid Ultrasound and Exercise Stress Test for Assessing the Subclinical Vascular Diseases in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.
Correlation between Carotid Ultrasound and Exercise Stress Test for Assessing the Subclinical Vascular Diseases in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.
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Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
Poster Session I–3. Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
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Ultrasound-Enhanced Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Ultrasound-Enhanced Systemic Thrombolysis for Acute Ischemic Stroke.
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Intraoperative Ultrasound in Patients with Arnold Chiari Type 1.
Intraoperative Ultrasound in Patients with Arnold Chiari Type 1.
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Ultrasound Navigation in Neurosurgery – Fields of Application and Surgical Results.
Ultrasound Navigation in Neurosurgery – Fields of Application and Surgical Results.
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Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
Poster Session II–2. Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
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Ultrasound Imaging of Chronic Blast Eye Trauma: a Case Report of Charles Bonnet Syndrome.
Ultrasound Imaging of Chronic Blast Eye Trauma: a Case Report of Charles Bonnet Syndrome.
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Correlative Electromyographic and Multimodal Ultrasound Imaging Studies of Calf Muscle Lesions.
Correlative Electromyographic and Multimodal Ultrasound Imaging Studies of Calf Muscle Lesions.
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Clinical, Intraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound Imaging Study of Facial Melanoma.
Clinical, Intraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound Imaging Study of Facial Melanoma.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Ultrasound safety with midfrequency transcranial sonothrombolysis: preliminary study on normal macaca monkey brain.
Shimizu J, Fukuda T, Abe T, Ogihara M, Kubota J, Sasaki A, Azuma T, Sasaki K, Shimizu K, Oishi T, Umemura S, Furuhata H. Ultrasound safety with midfrequency transcranial sonothrombolysis: preliminary study on normal macaca monkey brain.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Safety of lowfrequency transcranial ultrasound in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Wang Z, Fukuda T, Azuma T, Furuhata H. Safety of lowfrequency transcranial ultrasound in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Ultrasound control of the growth of thrombus – Potential for the embolus growth suppression & the reocclusion prevention.
Sawaguchi Y, Wang Z, Furuhata H. Ultrasound control of the growth of thrombus – Potential for the embolus growth suppression & the reocclusion prevention.
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Dual-frequency ultrasound imaging and therapeutic bilaminar array using frequency selective isolation layer.
Azuma T, Ogihara M, Kubota J, Sasaki A, Umemura S, Furuhata H. Dual-frequency ultrasound imaging and therapeutic bilaminar array using frequency selective isolation layer.
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Nitric oxide generation directly responds to ultrasound exposure.
Sugita Y, Mizuno S, Nakayama N, Iwaki T, Murakami E, Wang Z, Endoh R, Furuhata H. Nitric oxide generation directly responds to ultrasound exposure.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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BASICS IN PHYSICS AND THE INSTRUMENTATION OF DIAGNOSTIC VASCULAR ULTRASOUND
BASICS IN PHYSICS AND THE INSTRUMENTATION OF DIAGNOSTIC VASCULAR ULTRASOUND
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In this tutorial, we demonstrate physical principles, which are relevant in the practical routine in ultrasound diagnostics.
In this tutorial, we demonstrate physical principles, which are relevant in the practical routine in ultrasound diagnostics. Beside the interaction of ultrasound with the tissue, basics of the effects of frequency, propagation velocity, pulse repetition frequency, scattering and beam formation are illustrated. Practical examples and typical artifacts are discussed as well as influence on the machine settings (Beam focus, TI, MI, focus) on the quality of your analysis. The effects of data post processing (e.g. tissue harmonic imaging, rendering etc) will be demonstrated. Finally, the correct disinfection in clinical routine is presented.
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Beside the interaction of ultrasound with the tissue, basics of the effects of frequency, propagation velocity, pulse repetition frequency, scattering and beam formation are illustrated.
In this tutorial, we demonstrate physical principles, which are relevant in the practical routine in ultrasound diagnostics. Beside the interaction of ultrasound with the tissue, basics of the effects of frequency, propagation velocity, pulse repetition frequency, scattering and beam formation are illustrated. Practical examples and typical artifacts are discussed as well as influence on the machine settings (Beam focus, TI, MI, focus) on the quality of your analysis. The effects of data post processing (e.g. tissue harmonic imaging, rendering etc) will be demonstrated. Finally, the correct disinfection in clinical routine is presented.
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vascular ultrasound, basics in physics.
vascular ultrasound, basics in physics.
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The tutorial will focus on practically relevant aspects which are needed for the understanding of the physiology of the arterial cerebral circulation and the examination of both the extraand intracranial vessels by means of ultrasound.
So, the participant will be able to learn the essential facts of the arteries that take care of the blood supply of the brain. The tutorial will focus on practically relevant aspects which are needed for the understanding of the physiology of the arterial cerebral circulation and the examination of both the extraand intracranial vessels by means of ultrasound.
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B-mode carotid ultrasound has been widely used to detect subclinical carotid atherosclerosis by quantifying carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque (CP).
Carotid atherosclerotic disease plays a large role in the etiology of stroke. B-mode carotid ultrasound has been widely used to detect subclinical carotid atherosclerosis by quantifying carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) and carotid plaque (CP). Both cIMT and CP have been accepted surrogate imaging biomarkers of subclinical atherosclerosis until recently when it became increasingly clear that cIMT and CP may be genetically and biologically distinct atherosclerotic phenotypes with evidence of heterogeneous etiology. In addition, carotid atherosclerotic plaque burden, defined as the
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Thirdly, experimental and clinical sonothrombolysis research was his life`s work where his goal was the establishment of an integrated experimental and clinical system for transcranial sonothrombolysis treatment, utilizing less-invasive midfrequency ultrasound.
Thirdly, experimental and clinical sonothrombolysis research was his life`s work where his goal was the establishment of an integrated experimental and clinical system for transcranial sonothrombolysis treatment, utilizing less-invasive midfrequency ultrasound. This project was selected as one of 24 innovative medical development research projects supported by the Japanese Government (the so-called Super Tokku) in 2008. I would like to introduce this grant-funded sonothrombolysis research projects aimed for future establishment of acute ischemic stroke treatment.
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ULTRASOUND SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SONOTHROMBOLYSIS WITH MICROBUBBLES
ULTRASOUND SYSTEM DESIGN FOR SONOTHROMBOLYSIS WITH MICROBUBBLES
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Philips Ultrasound, Bothell – WA, USA,
Philips Ultrasound, Bothell – WA, USA,
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For many years existing ultrasound devices have been used for sonothrombolysis (STL) research in-vitro, in animals, and even in humans.
For many years existing ultrasound devices have been used for sonothrombolysis (STL) research in-vitro, in animals, and even in humans. These have included laboratory transducers, physiotherapy devices, and diagnostic ultrasound systems. None of these are optimal for STLsince they were designed for different applications. Therefore, we have been investigating the clinical requirements for an STL device for ischemic stroke and the influence of various system parameters on the lytic capabilities of ultrasound and microbubbles (MB).
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These have included laboratory transducers, physiotherapy devices, and diagnostic ultrasound systems.
For many years existing ultrasound devices have been used for sonothrombolysis (STL) research in-vitro, in animals, and even in humans. These have included laboratory transducers, physiotherapy devices, and diagnostic ultrasound systems. None of these are optimal for STLsince they were designed for different applications. Therefore, we have been investigating the clinical requirements for an STL device for ischemic stroke and the influence of various system parameters on the lytic capabilities of ultrasound and microbubbles (MB).
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Therefore, we have been investigating the clinical requirements for an STL device for ischemic stroke and the influence of various system parameters on the lytic capabilities of ultrasound and microbubbles (MB).
For many years existing ultrasound devices have been used for sonothrombolysis (STL) research in-vitro, in animals, and even in humans. These have included laboratory transducers, physiotherapy devices, and diagnostic ultrasound systems. None of these are optimal for STLsince they were designed for different applications. Therefore, we have been investigating the clinical requirements for an STL device for ischemic stroke and the influence of various system parameters on the lytic capabilities of ultrasound and microbubbles (MB).
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microbubbles, sonothrombolysis, ultrasound.
microbubbles, sonothrombolysis, ultrasound.
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microembolus, review, ultrasound.
microembolus, review, ultrasound.
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This lecture summarizes the advantages and the specific roles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to establish and monitor the presence of PTV and ICH.
Critical care management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) has undergone tremendous advances. Neurosurgeons, neurologists and neurointensivists, including military, have a large armamentarium of invasive monitoring modalities available to detect secondary brain injury and guide therapy. The primary goal monitoring is to prevent secondary insults to the brain, primarily cerebral ischemia due to the posttraumatic vasospasm (PTV), and intracranial hypertension (ICH). This lecture summarizes the advantages and the specific roles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to establish and monitor the presence of PTV and ICH.
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TCD is non-invasive, fast, and reliable as an efficient ultrasound technology, especially in critically ill patients with PTV in an urgent examination.
Review of literature demonstrate that TCD is valid in predicting the patient's outcome of 6 months and correlates significantly with intracranial pressure when it is performed in the first 24 hours after event. Recently, there have been many research results in early judgment of PTV, and TCD studies are particularly prominent in this area. The prognosis is affected severely with regard to quality of life of patients, and earlier determination of the PTV becomes very important. TCD is non-invasive, fast, and reliable as an efficient ultrasound technology, especially in critically ill patients with PTV in an urgent examination. This means it that TCD has greater value and helps to improve the management of patients with TBI. Too often, the first sign is a neurologic deficit, which may be too late to reverse. However, use of TCD may predict PTV before clinical sequelae. TCD assists in the clinical decisionmaking regarding further diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic interventions and has become a regularly employed tool in neurocritical care. Accumulated today experience suggests that there is an important guiding significance in early diagnosis and treatment of PTV and ICH in TCD.
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intracranial hypertension, posttraumatic vasospasm, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, traumatic brain injury.
intracranial hypertension, posttraumatic vasospasm, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, traumatic brain injury.
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Plaque irregularity on ultrasound has also been reported to be a risk factor for stroke in general but not for ipsilateral stroke alone.
Several non-invasive imaging modalities have shown their potential to identify unstable carotid artery plaques. Echolucent plaques are thought to be more unstable than echo-rich plaques. Images can be evaluated either visually or by computer-assisted gray-scale median (GSM) measurements. Visual evaluation of plaque echogenicity has only fair reproducibility, whereas objective characterization is more reliable and less observer dependent. Plaque irregularity on ultrasound has also been reported to be a risk factor for stroke in general but not for ipsilateral stroke alone.
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The use of ultrasound contrast agents may be helpful in determining plaque surface and plaque neovascularization.
Symptomatic patients with microembolic signals (MES), assessed by TCD, have been shown to be at high risk for developing ipsilateral stroke. Whether MES positive asymptomatic patients also are at increased risk has not been clarified. The use of ultrasound contrast agents may be helpful in determining plaque surface and plaque neovascularization. Multisequence MRI is able to quantify carotid plaque components. The use of a contrast agent improves quantification of total plaque burden, and contrast between fibrous cap and lipid core. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI allows assessment of plaque neovascularization.
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intracranial artery stenosis, restenosis, stent PTA, ultrasound.
intracranial artery stenosis, restenosis, stent PTA, ultrasound.
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ULTRASOUND IMAGING
ULTRASOUND IMAGING
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In the last fifteen years, the concept of plane wave transmissions rather than line by line scanning beams broke the conventional limits of ultrasound imaging.
In the last fifteen years, the concept of plane wave transmissions rather than line by line scanning beams broke the conventional limits of ultrasound imaging. By using such large field of view transmissions, the frame rate reaches the theoretical limit of physics dictated by the ultrasound speed and an ultrasonic map can be provided typically in tens of micro-seconds (>1000 frames per second). Interestingly, this leap in frame rate is not only a technological breakthrough offering completely new ultrasound imaging modes and open new application, but at such frame rates, it becomes possible to track in real time transient vibrations – known as shear waves – propagating through organs and provides quantitative maps of tissue stiffness whose added value for diagnosis has been recently demonstrated in many fields of radiology.
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By using such large field of view transmissions, the frame rate reaches the theoretical limit of physics dictated by the ultrasound speed and an ultrasonic map can be provided typically in tens of micro-seconds (>1000 frames per second).
In the last fifteen years, the concept of plane wave transmissions rather than line by line scanning beams broke the conventional limits of ultrasound imaging. By using such large field of view transmissions, the frame rate reaches the theoretical limit of physics dictated by the ultrasound speed and an ultrasonic map can be provided typically in tens of micro-seconds (>1000 frames per second). Interestingly, this leap in frame rate is not only a technological breakthrough offering completely new ultrasound imaging modes and open new application, but at such frame rates, it becomes possible to track in real time transient vibrations – known as shear waves – propagating through organs and provides quantitative maps of tissue stiffness whose added value for diagnosis has been recently demonstrated in many fields of radiology.
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Interestingly, this leap in frame rate is not only a technological breakthrough offering completely new ultrasound imaging modes and open new application, but at such frame rates, it becomes possible to track in real time transient vibrations – known as shear waves – propagating through organs and provides quantitative maps of tissue stiffness whose added value for diagnosis has been recently demonstrated in many fields of radiology.
In the last fifteen years, the concept of plane wave transmissions rather than line by line scanning beams broke the conventional limits of ultrasound imaging. By using such large field of view transmissions, the frame rate reaches the theoretical limit of physics dictated by the ultrasound speed and an ultrasonic map can be provided typically in tens of micro-seconds (>1000 frames per second). Interestingly, this leap in frame rate is not only a technological breakthrough offering completely new ultrasound imaging modes and open new application, but at such frame rates, it becomes possible to track in real time transient vibrations – known as shear waves – propagating through organs and provides quantitative maps of tissue stiffness whose added value for diagnosis has been recently demonstrated in many fields of radiology.
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It also gives ultrasound the ability to detect very subtle blood flow in very small vessels.
precision characterization of complex vascular and cardiac flows. It also gives ultrasound the ability to detect very subtle blood flow in very small vessels. In the brain, such ultrasensitive Doppler paves the way for fUltrasound (functional ultrasound imaging) of brain activity with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution compared to fMRI. Examples such as the functional imaging of cerebral blood volume during epileptic seizures will be presented and ill emphasize the potential of this new imaging modality.
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In the brain, such ultrasensitive Doppler paves the way for fUltrasound (functional ultrasound imaging) of brain activity with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution compared to fMRI.
precision characterization of complex vascular and cardiac flows. It also gives ultrasound the ability to detect very subtle blood flow in very small vessels. In the brain, such ultrasensitive Doppler paves the way for fUltrasound (functional ultrasound imaging) of brain activity with unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution compared to fMRI. Examples such as the functional imaging of cerebral blood volume during epileptic seizures will be presented and ill emphasize the potential of this new imaging modality.
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fUltrasound, functional imaging, ultrasound, ultrafast imaging.
fUltrasound, functional imaging, ultrasound, ultrafast imaging.
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SUBCLINICAL ULTRASOUND MARKERS IN THE PREVENTION OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
SUBCLINICAL ULTRASOUND MARKERS IN THE PREVENTION OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES
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Early changes of the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident.
Cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) represent conditions which occur as a result of changes in blood vessels of the brain, as well as the vessels supplying the brain. The most common types of CVDs are ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke and vascular dementia. CVDs affect millions of people worldwide, regardless of age, and represent a group of very important medical and social problems. Therefore, their prevention is becoming an imperative. Risk factors, such as age, gender, genetic factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholsterolemia, atrial fibrillation, orlifestyle,are causing changes of vessel walls which lead to CVD. Early changes of the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli. Extracranial circulation (carotid and vertebral arteries) can be assessed by means of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Novel ultrasound technology enables us non-invasive, bedside detection ofearly vascular changes such as arterial stiffness,
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Novel ultrasound technology enables us non-invasive, bedside detection ofearly vascular changes such as arterial stiffness,
Therefore, their prevention is becoming an imperative. Risk factors, such as age, gender, genetic factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholsterolemia, atrial fibrillation, orlifestyle,are causing changes of vessel walls which lead to CVD. Early changes of the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli. Extracranial circulation (carotid and vertebral arteries) can be assessed by means of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Novel ultrasound technology enables us non-invasive, bedside detection ofearly vascular changes such as arterial stiffness,
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cerebrovascular diseases, prevention, ultrasound markers.
cerebrovascular diseases, prevention, ultrasound markers.
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acute ischemic stroke, stent retrievers, thrombectomy, transcranial duplex ultrasound.
acute ischemic stroke, stent retrievers, thrombectomy, transcranial duplex ultrasound.
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Space-time ultrasound application in adult Neurology is limited and not well investigated.
Space-time ultrasound application in adult Neurology is limited and not well investigated. The presentation aims to demonstrate its diagnostic abilities in clinical settings.
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Space-time (3D/4D) ultrasound imaging is additional to the routine 2D neurosonology.
Space-time (3D/4D) ultrasound imaging is additional to the routine 2D neurosonology. It improves diagnostic abilities of ultrasound methods by giving more detailed information for dimension, structural changes and functional characteristics of the target areas. Why and when to use it depends on the level of competency of each neurosonology unit.
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It improves diagnostic abilities of ultrasound methods by giving more detailed information for dimension, structural changes and functional characteristics of the target areas.
Space-time (3D/4D) ultrasound imaging is additional to the routine 2D neurosonology. It improves diagnostic abilities of ultrasound methods by giving more detailed information for dimension, structural changes and functional characteristics of the target areas. Why and when to use it depends on the level of competency of each neurosonology unit.
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neurology, space-time (3D/4D) ultrasound.
neurology, space-time (3D/4D) ultrasound.
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By means of ultrasound (US) methods structural and functional properties of the muscle tissue could be detected in patients in real time and non-invasively.
By means of ultrasound (US) methods structural and functional properties of the muscle tissue could be detected in patients in real time and non-invasively. Using tissue velocity imaging (TVI) we are able to investigate the dynamics of movements in identified muscles. We tested whether this method could be applicated to measure the forearm muscle motions in order to monitor rehabilitation therapies and pharmacological effects.
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myosonology, tissue velocity imaging, ultrasound.
myosonology, tissue velocity imaging, ultrasound.
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ULTRASOUND-GUIDANCE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTIONS IN DYSTONIA AND SPASTICITY
ULTRASOUND-GUIDANCE OF BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTIONS IN DYSTONIA AND SPASTICITY
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Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity.
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Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle.
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Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
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Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
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An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle.
Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
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The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
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botulinum neurotoxin, deep cervical muscles, dystonia, ultrasound guided injection.
botulinum neurotoxin, deep cervical muscles, dystonia, ultrasound guided injection.
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In the last few years venous ultrasound analysis was performed in a variety of other neurological disorders like dural fistulas, transient global amnesia and even in acute arterial stroke.
The cerebral venous outflow has been neglected for many years in neurology. Considering Neurosonology a first interest started with primarily venous disorders, e.g. cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. In the last few years venous ultrasound analysis was performed in a variety of other neurological disorders like dural fistulas, transient global amnesia and even in acute arterial stroke. In multiple sclerosis a chronic impaired cerebral venous outflow has claimed to be the starting point of a cascade leading to the disease. This concept has not been reproduced by groups with a longstanding experience in venous duplex sonography. However, the debates increased the scientific interest on the venous side of the cerebral circulation and its outflow.
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2) to give an overview about the ultrasound examination of the extracranial and intracranial venous vessels using color-coded duplex sonography, and, 3) to show clinical implications.
2) to give an overview about the ultrasound examination of the extracranial and intracranial venous vessels using color-coded duplex sonography, and, 3) to show clinical implications.
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Diagnosis requires cerebral angiography confirmation and ultrasound monitoring.
RCVS is a cerebrovascular disorder associated with multifocal arterial constriction. The primary clinical manifestation is recurrent sudden-onset and severe headache. Diagnosis requires cerebral angiography confirmation and ultrasound monitoring. Our aim is to determine the difference of ultrasound data and clinical manifestation between RCVS and different forms of headache.
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Our aim is to determine the difference of ultrasound data and clinical manifestation between RCVS and different forms of headache.
RCVS is a cerebrovascular disorder associated with multifocal arterial constriction. The primary clinical manifestation is recurrent sudden-onset and severe headache. Diagnosis requires cerebral angiography confirmation and ultrasound monitoring. Our aim is to determine the difference of ultrasound data and clinical manifestation between RCVS and different forms of headache.
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Group II-19 patientsmigraine in anamnesis, with 1-2 attacks monthly (ultrasound examinations were performed in attack free period), Group III37 patients with severe headache for 1-3 hours, the period
84 patients (age range 20-60 y., 55-female, 29-male) underwent sonography examination using TCD and TCCD methods. Group I-18 patients had RCVS typical acute-onset severe headaches, namely thunderclap headaches reaching peak intensity within 1 min. Group II-19 patientsmigraine in anamnesis, with 1-2 attacks monthly (ultrasound examinations were performed in attack free period), Group III37 patients with severe headache for 1-3 hours, the period
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was measured on the day of the Doppler ultrasound examination and the wall shear stress (WSS), the circumferential wall tension (T) and the tensile stress (τ) were calculated.
was measured on the day of the Doppler ultrasound examination and the wall shear stress (WSS), the circumferential wall tension (T) and the tensile stress (τ) were calculated.
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MEASUREMENT OF CAROTID PLAQUE VOLUME WITH VOCALTMII TECHNIQUE BY 3-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
MEASUREMENT OF CAROTID PLAQUE VOLUME WITH VOCALTMII TECHNIQUE BY 3-DIMENSIONAL ULTRASOUND
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In this study, we investigate the observer reproducibility in the measurement of plaque volume as determined with VOCALTMII technique by 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US).
Measurement of carotid plaque volume and its progression are important tools for research and patient management. In this study, we investigate the observer reproducibility in the measurement of plaque volume as determined with VOCALTMII technique by 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US). We also investigate the effect of plaque size and position on measurement reproducibility.
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Intraand inter-observer variabilities were small for measurement of Carotid Plaque Volume with VOCALTMII technique by 3-Dimensional Ultrasound.
Intraand inter-observer variabilities were small for measurement of Carotid Plaque Volume with VOCALTMII technique by 3-Dimensional Ultrasound.
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carotid plaque volume, 3-dimensional ultrasound.
carotid plaque volume, 3-dimensional ultrasound.
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Previous studies concluded that symptomatic carotid plaques are echolucent on ultrasound, whereas asymptomatic ones are echogenic.
Previous studies concluded that symptomatic carotid plaques are echolucent on ultrasound, whereas asymptomatic ones are echogenic. The aim of this study was to determine whether juxtaluminal plaque echogenicity (juxtaluminal 25% plaque area) constitutes a better discriminator of the symptomatic and asymptomatic status, as compared to global plaque echogenicity, in various degrees of stenosis.
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carotid, plaque, stroke, ultrasound.
carotid, plaque, stroke, ultrasound.
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carotid artery stent, carotid duplex ultrasound, instent restenosis.
carotid artery stent, carotid duplex ultrasound, instent restenosis.
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To examine native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after endarterectomy (CEA) without restenosis by Color-coded Duplex Ultrasound (CDU) in men, to compare the ultrasound findings and derive ultrasound criteria for postoperative follow-up.
To examine native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after endarterectomy (CEA) without restenosis by Color-coded Duplex Ultrasound (CDU) in men, to compare the ultrasound findings and derive ultrasound criteria for postoperative follow-up.
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Color-coded Duplex ultrasound is a very accurate, noninvasive method that can be repeated at any time for grading carotid stenosis.
Color-coded Duplex ultrasound is a very accurate, noninvasive method that can be repeated at any time for grading carotid stenosis. This research have shown that there is no statistically significant difference in ultrasound findings between native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after CEA without restenosis. Ultrasound criteria for evaluation of native carotid artery can be applied in followingup after CEA.
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This research have shown that there is no statistically significant difference in ultrasound findings between native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after CEA without restenosis.
Color-coded Duplex ultrasound is a very accurate, noninvasive method that can be repeated at any time for grading carotid stenosis. This research have shown that there is no statistically significant difference in ultrasound findings between native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after CEA without restenosis. Ultrasound criteria for evaluation of native carotid artery can be applied in followingup after CEA.
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Ultrasound criteria for evaluation of native carotid artery can be applied in followingup after CEA.
Color-coded Duplex ultrasound is a very accurate, noninvasive method that can be repeated at any time for grading carotid stenosis. This research have shown that there is no statistically significant difference in ultrasound findings between native carotid artery without stenosis and carotid artery after CEA without restenosis. Ultrasound criteria for evaluation of native carotid artery can be applied in followingup after CEA.
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carotid endarterectomy, color-coded duplex ultrasound.
carotid endarterectomy, color-coded duplex ultrasound.
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TECHNICAL ASPECTS FOR ULTRASOUND VISUALIZATION OF SPINAL CORD VASCULATURE
TECHNICAL ASPECTS FOR ULTRASOUND VISUALIZATION OF SPINAL CORD VASCULATURE
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A noninvasive method of visualization of the spinal cord vasculature such as ultrasound that can be utilized in different clinical setting of spinal cord ischemia.
A noninvasive method of visualization of the spinal cord vasculature such as ultrasound that can be utilized in different clinical setting of spinal cord ischemia. We assessed the feasibility of imaging and characterizing blood flow in the anterior spinal artery using Ultrasound with concurrent validation using a cadaveric model.
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We assessed the feasibility of imaging and characterizing blood flow in the anterior spinal artery using Ultrasound with concurrent validation using a cadaveric model.
A noninvasive method of visualization of the spinal cord vasculature such as ultrasound that can be utilized in different clinical setting of spinal cord ischemia. We assessed the feasibility of imaging and characterizing blood flow in the anterior spinal artery using Ultrasound with concurrent validation using a cadaveric model.
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The current study describes a technique for noninvasive imaging of spinal vasculature using ultrasound which may enhance our diagnostic capabilities for spinal cord ischemia.
The current study describes a technique for noninvasive imaging of spinal vasculature using ultrasound which may enhance our diagnostic capabilities for spinal cord ischemia.
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spinal cord vasculature, ultrasound.
spinal cord vasculature, ultrasound.
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CAROTID BLOOD FLOW, CARDIAC FUNCTION AND RISK FACTORS FOR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE – CORRELATIVE CLINICAL AND ULTRASOUND STUDIES
CAROTID BLOOD FLOW, CARDIAC FUNCTION AND RISK FACTORS FOR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE – CORRELATIVE CLINICAL AND ULTRASOUND STUDIES
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CORRELATION BETWEEN CAROTID ULTRASOUND AND EXERCISE STRESS TEST FOR ASSESSING THE SUBCLINICAL VASCULAR DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
CORRELATION BETWEEN CAROTID ULTRASOUND AND EXERCISE STRESS TEST FOR ASSESSING THE SUBCLINICAL VASCULAR DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
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All the patients underwent ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries.The statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0 (SPSS) and Statgraphics plus 4.1 for
We examined 88 patients with sICH admitted to the Neurology clinic of UMHAT “Dr Georgi Stranski”, Pleven within 48 hours after the symptoms onset. The neurological deficit was assessed by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission. Clinical outcome on the 30-th day of sICH was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Hemorrhage volume was measured on computed tomography (CT) by a simplified formula for the volume of an ellipsoid, (AxBxC)/2. All the patients underwent ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries.The statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0 (SPSS) and Statgraphics plus 4.1 for
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Age, vascular risk factors and ultrasound parameters were not significant factors for the clinical outcome.
We found that neurological deficit assessed on admission by GCS and NIHSS, hematoma volume and location are significantly correlated with the clinical outcome on the 30-th day of the sICH onset. Age, vascular risk factors and ultrasound parameters were not significant factors for the clinical outcome. Male patients had better outcome on the 30th day as compared with the female ones.
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Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
Poster Session I–3. Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
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The image of the real-time ultrasound combined with pulsed Doppler system is a noninvasive and bedside method that allows the cerebral blood flow velocity and evaluation and flow resistance measurement in intracranial hypertension patients.
The image of the real-time ultrasound combined with pulsed Doppler system is a noninvasive and bedside method that allows the cerebral blood flow velocity and evaluation and flow resistance measurement in intracranial hypertension patients. The intracranial hypertension is an important clinical condition and represents high risk to patients with acute brain injury. In this study, we describe in an experimental model, application of cerebral duplex to evaluate changes in pre and post-intracranial hypertension.
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At each intervention we performed a neurological assessment of the pupils and Doppler exam (Ultrasound color duplex SonoSite-Micromax).
An experimental study, using 30 crossbred Landrace and Duroc pigs weighing approximately 18–20 kg and aged 2months. Prior to surgery, pigs were starved for 12 h but had free access to water. We coadministered intramuscular ketamine at dose of 15mg/ kgand xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg. The experimental hypertension was performed with an intracranial balloon. At each intervention we performed a neurological assessment of the pupils and Doppler exam (Ultrasound color duplex SonoSite-Micromax). Continuous intracranial pressure measurement by intraparenchymal and extradural catheters was also performed. The animals underwent to a baseline measurement, a pre-balloon insufflation, a post-balloon insufflation before and after saline solution infusion. The association of the results of duplex was compared with ICP and systemic monitoring. In complementary we measured
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optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound in each phase.
optic nerve sheath diameter by ultrasound in each phase.
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TCD ultrasound can detect presence of microembolic signals in patients diagnosed with SAH.
TCD ultrasound can detect presence of microembolic signals in patients diagnosed with SAH. Although detection of emboli was relatively rare in this study (4 of 105), rates of emboli occurrence may increase if systematic monitoring is used. The detection MES after SAH surgery may be an indicator for prophylactic antithrombotic treatment.
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Stroke patients of which carotid stenting have been done when admitted at the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital from January 2007 to December 2012 with available carotid ultrasound study that was done before and after carotid stenting formed the analysis cohorts.
Stroke patients of which carotid stenting have been done when admitted at the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital from January 2007 to December 2012 with available carotid ultrasound study that was done before and after carotid stenting formed the analysis cohorts. Retrospective review was performed.
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By duplex ultrasound, common, internal and external carotid arteries were examined and the degree of stenosis was graded by five groups; < 50%, >50% and < 75%, >75% and
A total of 26 patients were included during that period. By duplex ultrasound, common, internal and external carotid arteries were examined and the degree of stenosis was graded by five groups; < 50%, >50% and < 75%, >75% and
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Ultrasound monitoring showed recanalization immediately after the procedure in 2 patients, and 3 hours later in 1 patient.
symptoms onset to start of IAT was 175 min. Mean initial NIHSS was 14.6. Diffusion MRI demonstrated large MCA territory lesion > 1/3 in 1 patient, and small zones in 2 other. TICI scores were 2b, 3, 1. None of the patients had iatrogenic haemorrhage. Ultrasound monitoring showed recanalization immediately after the procedure in 2 patients, and 3 hours later in 1 patient. On control vascular imaging, that result was stable on the second day. Control CT revealed an infarct area with edema only in one patient. Mean NIHSS score on day 7 was 6, on day 30 was 4.6. Mean mRS on day 7 was 3, on day 30 was 2.
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We observed excellent early ultrasound results and clinical outcome in 2 patients, as well as mild to moderate in one.
Important determinants for success were time to IAT, stroke severity, and age. We observed excellent early ultrasound results and clinical outcome in 2 patients, as well as mild to moderate in one. No serious complications were noted despite non-consensus type of treatment. Future research and protocol improvement of IAT is needed to validate the best individual treatment approach.
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ULTRASOUND-ENHANCED SYSTEMIC THROMBOLYSIS FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
ULTRASOUND-ENHANCED SYSTEMIC THROMBOLYSIS FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE
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thrombolysis, ultrasound-enhanced.
thrombolysis, ultrasound-enhanced.
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The combination thrombolysis therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), microbubbles and ultrasound, was reported higher recanalization ratio in ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
The combination thrombolysis therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), microbubbles and ultrasound, was reported higher recanalization ratio in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Ultrasound and microbubbles vibrate the fibrin net and accelerate thrombolysis. Recently, we developed novel liposomal submicron bubbles (Bubble Liposome (BLs)) containing ultrasound imaging gas, perfluoropropane. In this study, we developed BLs with ArgGly-Asp (RGD) sequence-containing peptides, which bind to
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Ultrasound and microbubbles vibrate the fibrin net and accelerate thrombolysis.
The combination thrombolysis therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), microbubbles and ultrasound, was reported higher recanalization ratio in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Ultrasound and microbubbles vibrate the fibrin net and accelerate thrombolysis. Recently, we developed novel liposomal submicron bubbles (Bubble Liposome (BLs)) containing ultrasound imaging gas, perfluoropropane. In this study, we developed BLs with ArgGly-Asp (RGD) sequence-containing peptides, which bind to
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Recently, we developed novel liposomal submicron bubbles (Bubble Liposome (BLs)) containing ultrasound imaging gas, perfluoropropane.
The combination thrombolysis therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), microbubbles and ultrasound, was reported higher recanalization ratio in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Ultrasound and microbubbles vibrate the fibrin net and accelerate thrombolysis. Recently, we developed novel liposomal submicron bubbles (Bubble Liposome (BLs)) containing ultrasound imaging gas, perfluoropropane. In this study, we developed BLs with ArgGly-Asp (RGD) sequence-containing peptides, which bind to
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ultrasound.
ultrasound.
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Intraoperatory ultrasound was performed to measure retrocerebellar space and pulsatility Doppler technique to
49 symptomatic patients with Arnold Chiari tipe 1 were underwent to surgical treatment. Patients underwent craniotomy with removal subocciptal arch of C1. Intraoperatory ultrasound was performed to measure retrocerebellar space and pulsatility Doppler technique to
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Arnold Chiari type 1, duroplasty, intraoperatory ultrasound.
Arnold Chiari type 1, duroplasty, intraoperatory ultrasound.
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ULTRASOUND NAVIGATION IN NEUROSURGERY – FIELDS OF APPLICATION AND SURGICAL RESULTS
ULTRASOUND NAVIGATION IN NEUROSURGERY – FIELDS OF APPLICATION AND SURGICAL RESULTS
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Some shortcomings of the method have evoked the need of an appropriate intraoperative imaging to compensate for the registration and shifting bias and the intraoperative ultrasound is found to be a good option.
For more than two decades the neuronavigation was successfully used in the neurosurgery. Some shortcomings of the method have evoked the need of an appropriate intraoperative imaging to compensate for the registration and shifting bias and the intraoperative ultrasound is found to be a good option. To analyze the results of the usage of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation in different fields of neurosurgery.
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To analyze the results of the usage of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation in different fields of neurosurgery.
For more than two decades the neuronavigation was successfully used in the neurosurgery. Some shortcomings of the method have evoked the need of an appropriate intraoperative imaging to compensate for the registration and shifting bias and the intraoperative ultrasound is found to be a good option. To analyze the results of the usage of intraoperative ultrasound combined with neuronavigation in different fields of neurosurgery.
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240 surgeries under ultrasound/navigation guidance were
240 surgeries under ultrasound/navigation guidance were
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Integrated ultrasound navigation system (Sonowand Invite) was used intraoperatively in different modes: ultrasound only – in 46cases; 3D ultrasound registration – in 72 cases; “classic” neuronavigation (based on preoperative images) – in 15cases; and ultrasound-based navigation – in the rest 107 (45%) cases.
– Sofia. Patients were at an average age of 54±14.26 years, harboring oncologic (91.3%), vascular (6.7%), inflammatory (1.3%) and congenital (0.8%) diseases. Integrated ultrasound navigation system (Sonowand Invite) was used intraoperatively in different modes: ultrasound only – in 46cases; 3D ultrasound registration – in 72 cases; “classic” neuronavigation (based on preoperative images) – in 15cases; and ultrasound-based navigation – in the rest 107 (45%) cases. The Power Doppler and Color Doppler capabilities of the ultrasound scanner were used in 64 of the exams, mostly for vascular disorders and highly vascularised tumors.
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The Power Doppler and Color Doppler capabilities of the ultrasound scanner were used in 64 of the exams, mostly for vascular disorders and highly vascularised tumors.
– Sofia. Patients were at an average age of 54±14.26 years, harboring oncologic (91.3%), vascular (6.7%), inflammatory (1.3%) and congenital (0.8%) diseases. Integrated ultrasound navigation system (Sonowand Invite) was used intraoperatively in different modes: ultrasound only – in 46cases; 3D ultrasound registration – in 72 cases; “classic” neuronavigation (based on preoperative images) – in 15cases; and ultrasound-based navigation – in the rest 107 (45%) cases. The Power Doppler and Color Doppler capabilities of the ultrasound scanner were used in 64 of the exams, mostly for vascular disorders and highly vascularised tumors.
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The intraoperative ultrasound, combined with neuronavigation, appears to be a useful tool in the hands of the experienced surgeon in different neurosurgical fields when properly used and with caution on indications.
The intraoperative ultrasound, combined with neuronavigation, appears to be a useful tool in the hands of the experienced surgeon in different neurosurgical fields when properly used and with caution on indications.
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complications, neurosurgery, surgical results, ultrasound navigation.
complications, neurosurgery, surgical results, ultrasound navigation.
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Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
Poster Session II–2. Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
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brain ultrasound Dupplex, Machado Joseph
brain ultrasound Dupplex, Machado Joseph
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ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF CHRONIC BLAST EYE TRAUMA: A CASE REPORT OF CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME
ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF CHRONIC BLAST EYE TRAUMA: A CASE REPORT OF CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME
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To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging of chronic blast eye trauma associated with full blindness.
To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging of chronic blast eye trauma associated with full blindness.
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A 31-year-old man with amaurosis after eye blast trauma at the age of 17, underwent multiple operations and different eye-procedures (including a silicon vitreous filling) was studied by parallel application of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound eye-imaging, electroencephalography, visual and auditory evoked potentials, CT and MRI.
A 31-year-old man with amaurosis after eye blast trauma at the age of 17, underwent multiple operations and different eye-procedures (including a silicon vitreous filling) was studied by parallel application of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound eye-imaging, electroencephalography, visual and auditory evoked potentials, CT and MRI.
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Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern.
Neuro-ophthalmological status showed chronic traumatic damage of both eyes with complete blindness. The right eye was with pars plana vitrectomy and corneal leucoma and the left bulb was with phthisis. Ocular fundus was not visible on both sides. The 2D/3D/4D eye images showed severe deformation of the left eye with chronic retinal detachment and optic nerve atrophy. The right bulb was fully anechoic, with a normal shape but no images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous. Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern. The EEG repetitive visual stimulation and visual evoked potentials were associated with color hallucinations during and after the investigation (Charles Bonnet syndrome). These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
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The multimodal ultrasound eye imaging can be used as a reliable non-invasive method for screening and topic diagnosis of chronic eye injury.
The multimodal ultrasound eye imaging can be used as a reliable non-invasive method for screening and topic diagnosis of chronic eye injury.
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blast eye trauma, Charles Bonnet syndrome, ultrasound.
blast eye trauma, Charles Bonnet syndrome, ultrasound.
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CORRELATIVE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND MULTIMODAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING STUDIES OF CALF MUSCLE LESIONS
CORRELATIVE ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND MULTIMODAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING STUDIES OF CALF MUSCLE LESIONS
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To summarize our experience in parallel electromyographic (EMG) and multimodal ultrasound imaging studies of calf muscle structure and function in patients with different neurological and non-neurological disorders.
To summarize our experience in parallel electromyographic (EMG) and multimodal ultrasound imaging studies of calf muscle structure and function in patients with different neurological and non-neurological disorders.
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CLINICAL, INTRAOPERATIVE AND MULTIMODAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING STUDY OF FACIAL MELANOMA
CLINICAL, INTRAOPERATIVE AND MULTIMODAL ULTRASOUND IMAGING STUDY OF FACIAL MELANOMA
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To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal ultrasound imaging and its correlation to clinical, intraoperative, histological and CT imaging in a rare case of facial malignant melanoma.
To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal ultrasound imaging and its correlation to clinical, intraoperative, histological and CT imaging in a rare case of facial malignant melanoma.
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A 39-year-old man with a tumor formation in the left facial half was evaluated preoperatively with clinical, CT and multimodal (2D/3D/4D) ultrasound imaging with B-flow.
A 39-year-old man with a tumor formation in the left facial half was evaluated preoperatively with clinical, CT and multimodal (2D/3D/4D) ultrasound imaging with B-flow. The data were compared with the intraoperative and histological findings.
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The multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas.
The tumor infiltrated the soft tissue of the whole left facial half and was with sandglass-shape. It did not involve the facial bones. CT showed tumor formation with dense structure and weak vascularization. The multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas. The hiistological diagnosis was advanced malignant melanoma. A high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
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A high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
The tumor infiltrated the soft tissue of the whole left facial half and was with sandglass-shape. It did not involve the facial bones. CT showed tumor formation with dense structure and weak vascularization. The multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas. The hiistological diagnosis was advanced malignant melanoma. A high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
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The multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for facial tumor diagnosis providing additional information for tumor morphology and vascularisation.
The multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for facial tumor diagnosis providing additional information for tumor morphology and vascularisation. It could be used for intraoperative navigation to reduce possible perioperative complications.
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facial melanoma, ultrasound imaging.
facial melanoma, ultrasound imaging.
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Electroencephalography, ultrasound Dopplerography and rheoencephalography were used.
Electroencephalography, ultrasound Dopplerography and rheoencephalography were used.
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ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
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ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES – CHALLENGES BEFORE YOUNG DOCTORS
ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES – CHALLENGES BEFORE YOUNG DOCTORS
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Project ‘‘Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors’’ NoBG13/ A3.1.2/225/R2 has been funded with support from the Youth in Action Programme of the European Commission, administered in Bulgaria by the National Center European Youth Programmes and Initiatives.
Project ‘‘Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors’’ NoBG13/ A3.1.2/225/R2 has been funded with support from the Youth in Action Programme of the European Commission, administered in Bulgaria by the National Center European Youth Programmes and Initiatives. This document reflects the views only of the authors. Neither the Commission nor Youth in Action Programme or the NCEYPI are responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.
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ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
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The project aims to implement training in the field of Medicine in one of the most revolutionary diagnostic methods – ultrasound diagnostics.
The project aims to implement training in the field of Medicine in one of the most revolutionary diagnostic methods – ultrasound diagnostics. This method plays a key role in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) prophylaxis. Target groups of the project are young doctors and medical students who are to raise their awareness on the prophylaxis of CVDs.
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Ultrasound Technologies in Medicine.
Ultrasound Technologies in Medicine.
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Ultrasound Methods in the Prevention of Socially Important Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases.
Ultrasound Methods in the Prevention of Socially Important Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases.
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Practice in Ultrasound jointly with NSRG Comprehensive Tutorial (National Palace of Culture).
Practice in Ultrasound jointly with NSRG Comprehensive Tutorial (National Palace of Culture).
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
“Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics” is the official Journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. It contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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19. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 1 , , ,

Ultrasound lmaging
Ultrasound lmaging
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Clinical, lntraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound lmaging Study
Clinical, lntraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound lmaging Study
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Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors
Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors
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Ultrasound lmaging of Chronic Blast Еуe Trauma: А Case Report of Charles Bonnet Sуndrome*
Ultrasound lmaging of Chronic Blast Еуe Trauma: А Case Report of Charles Bonnet Sуndrome*
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Charles Bonnet sуndrome, ultrasound
Charles Bonnet sуndrome, ultrasound
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Тo demonstrate the diagnostic a ilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging in chronic last eуe trauma associated with full lindness.
Тo demonstrate the diagnostic a ilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging in chronic last eуe trauma associated with full lindness.
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the age of 17, underwent multiple operations and different eye-procedures (including a silicon vitreous filling) was studied by parallel application of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound eye-imaging, electroencephalography, visual and auditory evoked potentials and MRI.
the age of 17, underwent multiple operations and different eye-procedures (including a silicon vitreous filling) was studied by parallel application of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound eye-imaging, electroencephalography, visual and auditory evoked potentials and MRI.
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Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern.
Neuro-ophthalmological status showed chronic traumatic damage of both eyes with complete blindness. The right eye was with pars plana vitrectomy and corneal leucoma and the left bulb was with phthisis. Ocular fundus was not visible on both sides. The 2D/3D/4D eye images showed severe deformation of the left eye with chronic retinal detachment and optic nerve atrophy. The right bulb was fully anechoic, with a normal shape but no images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous. Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern. The EEG repetitive visual stimulation and visual evoked potentials were associated with color hallucinations during and after the investigation (Charles Bonnet syndrome). These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
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The multimodal ultrasound eye imaging can be used as a reliable non-invasive method for screening and topic diagnosis of chronic eye injury.
The multimodal ultrasound eye imaging can be used as a reliable non-invasive method for screening and topic diagnosis of chronic eye injury.
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The aim of the study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging of chronic blast eye trauma associated with full blindness and visual hallucinations.
The aim of the study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound imaging of chronic blast eye trauma associated with full blindness and visual hallucinations.
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The present study shows that the multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for screening and diagnosis of mor-
The present study shows that the multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for screening and diagnosis of mor-
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Multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound of the orbits.
Multimodal 2D/3D/4D ultrasound of the orbits. В mode of both eye bulbs (
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). Normal ultrasound pattern of the ophthalmic arteries and veins (
). Normal ultrasound pattern of the ophthalmic arteries and veins (
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No ultrasound images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous (
). The right bulb was fully anechoic with irregular contour. No ultrasound images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous (
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The study shows complete match etween the ultrasound and the MRI imaging of the ocular structures in our patient.
last trauma [7]. The application of multimodal 2D/3D/4D sonography with B-flow imaging of the ophthalmic lood vessels increases the diagnostic value of the routine B-scan and gives additional information a out the topic, severity and characteristics of the pathological process and its vascularization [1, 14]. The study shows complete match etween the ultrasound and the MRI imaging of the ocular structures in our patient.
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Ultrasound triage of ocular last injury in the military emergency department.
Gay D, Horne ST, Perry J, Ritchie JV. Ultrasound triage of ocular last injury in the military emergency department.
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Fourdimentional ultrasound imaging in neuro-ophthalmology. ln:
Titianova Е, Cherninkova S, Karakaneva S, Stamenov B. Fourdimentional ultrasound imaging in neuro-ophthalmology. ln:
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Clinical, lntraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound lmaging Study of Facial Melanoma
Clinical, lntraoperative and Multimodal Ultrasound lmaging Study of Facial Melanoma
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facial melanoma, ultrasound imaging
facial melanoma, ultrasound imaging
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Тo demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal ultrasound imaging and its correlation to clinical, intraoperative, histological and СТ imaging in a rare case of facial malignant melanoma.
Тo demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal ultrasound imaging and its correlation to clinical, intraoperative, histological and СТ imaging in a rare case of facial malignant melanoma.
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А 39-year-old man with a tumor formation in the left facial half was studied with clinical, СТ and multimodal (2D/3D/4D) and B-flow ultrasound imaging.
А 39-year-old man with a tumor formation in the left facial half was studied with clinical, СТ and multimodal (2D/3D/4D) and B-flow ultrasound imaging. Тhe data were compared with the intraoperative and histological findings.
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Тhe multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas.
Тhe tumor infiltrated the soft tissue of the whole left facial half and was with sandglass-shape. lt did not involve the facial bones. СТ showed tumor formation with dense structure and weak vascularization. Тhe multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas. Тhe histological diagnosis was advanced malignant melanoma. А high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
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А high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
Тhe tumor infiltrated the soft tissue of the whole left facial half and was with sandglass-shape. lt did not involve the facial bones. СТ showed tumor formation with dense structure and weak vascularization. Тhe multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of which was less vascularized, with a distinct capsule and pseudocysts areas. Тhe histological diagnosis was advanced malignant melanoma. А high correlation between ultrasound pattern and tumor histology was established before and after surgery.
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Тhe multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for facial tumor diagnosis providing additional information for tumor morphology, its vascularization and infiltration.
Тhe multimodal ultrasound imaging is a reliable non-invasive method for facial tumor diagnosis providing additional information for tumor morphology, its vascularization and infiltration.
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ln recent years ultrasound methods have become more valid and significant in the screening diagnosis of a variety of skin tumors [2, 5, 9].
ln recent years ultrasound methods have become more valid and significant in the screening diagnosis of a variety of skin tumors [2, 5, 9]. Benign and malignant skin lesions have some ultrasound characteristics that help their early and preoperative differentiation [З]. Their application in the field of maxillofacial surgery is still limited mainly to control the growth of regional metastases [5].
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Benign and malignant skin lesions have some ultrasound characteristics that help their early and preoperative differentiation [З].
ln recent years ultrasound methods have become more valid and significant in the screening diagnosis of a variety of skin tumors [2, 5, 9]. Benign and malignant skin lesions have some ultrasound characteristics that help their early and preoperative differentiation [З]. Their application in the field of maxillofacial surgery is still limited mainly to control the growth of regional metastases [5].
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The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/ЗD/4D ultrasound imaging for malignant melanoma localized in the maxillofacial area in comparison to the СT, intraoperative and histologic results.
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of multimodal 2D/ЗD/4D ultrasound imaging for malignant melanoma localized in the maxillofacial area in comparison to the СT, intraoperative and histologic results.
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Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
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Formalin-fixed composition was studied with 4-dimensional ultrasound in search of correlations with the macroscopic description of the tumor.
The big facial formation was surgically removed, fixed in 10% neutral formalin and examined histologically. lmmunohistochemical methods with Vimentin, S100-protein, НМB-45, Мelan А and Ki 67 were applied. Formalin-fixed composition was studied with 4-dimensional ultrasound in search of correlations with the macroscopic description of the tumor.
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Multimodal ultrasound
Multimodal ultrasound
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Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
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The multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of witch was less vascularlzed (
The multimodal ultrasound imaging presented heterogenic structure, part of witch was less vascularlzed (
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The formalin-fixed tumor tissue sample was further investigated by 4-dimensional ultrasound.
The formalin-fixed tumor tissue sample was further investigated by 4-dimensional ultrasound. The sonographic findings coincided perfectly with the macroscopic description of the tissue. The pseudocysts were detected as anechogenic zones (fig. 5).
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This study finds a high correlation between the ultrasound imaging, СT image and macroscopic characteristics of the tumor.
This study finds a high correlation between the ultrasound imaging, СT image and macroscopic characteristics of the tumor. All three methods show a heterogeneous solid tumor with pseudocysts and distinct areas of vascularization which are nonspecific and are found in other tumors
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The 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging of skin lesions is not routine in clinical practice and is applied mainly for prenatal diagnosis of large tumors [6].
The 4-dimensional ultrasound imaging of skin lesions is not routine in clinical practice and is applied mainly for prenatal diagnosis of large tumors [6]. This study shows that the method gives more information about the structure, density, shape and volume of the formation, the
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The parallel use of ultrasound angiography (B-flow) objectifies the degree of vascularization of the tumor, its capsule and the surrounding tissues.
presence of capsule and degree of infiltration into the surrounding tissues. The parallel use of ultrasound angiography (B-flow) objectifies the degree of vascularization of the tumor, its capsule and the surrounding tissues.
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The ultrasound examination of the fixed tumor sample determines a high correlation between the macroscopic characteristics and the 4-dimensional image that justifies the use of ultrasound imaging as a navigating, noninvasive preoperative method with a similar to СT scan diagnostic value.
The ultrasound examination of the fixed tumor sample determines a high correlation between the macroscopic characteristics and the 4-dimensional image that justifies the use of ultrasound imaging as a navigating, noninvasive preoperative method with a similar to СT scan diagnostic value.
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Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
Ultrasound imaging of facial melanoma
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ln conclusion this study shows that multimodal ultrasound is a reliable diagnostic method for detection of tumors in the facial area.
ln conclusion this study shows that multimodal ultrasound is a reliable diagnostic method for detection of tumors in the facial area. lt provides additional information about the macroscopic structure and the vascularization of the tumor and could be used for perioperative navigation and reduction of perioperative complications. The exact diagnosis, including the histological type and biological behavior of the tumor is proved by microscopic examination and phenotyping.
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Clinical, intraoperative and multimodal ultrasound imaging study of facial melanoma.
Aleksiev Е, Guirov К, Mihova A, Guirova B, Titianova Е. Clinical, intraoperative and multimodal ultrasound imaging study of facial melanoma. ln: 16
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Ultrasound of the neck.
Кoischwitz D, Gritzmann N. Ultrasound of the neck. J. Radiologic
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Prenatal Ultrasound Findings of Fetal Neoplasms.
Lee S-Н, Cho JY, Song MJ, Min J-Y, Нan BН, Lee YН, Cho BJ, Кim SН. Prenatal Ultrasound Findings of Fetal Neoplasms.
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The plenary program of the meeting discussed key issues related to the application of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in diagnosing vascular and non-vascular pathological processes, the development of international standards, etc.
300 scientists took part with plenary reports or posters. The forum was attended Ьy 101 students from medical universities indicating the interest of students and young doctors to this topic. The plenary program of the meeting discussed key issues related to the application of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in diagnosing vascular and non-vascular pathological processes, the development of international standards, etc.
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ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
ULTRASOUND TECHNOLOGIES
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The participants in the "Youth in Аction Programme" of the European Commission "Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors" (BG13/А.3.1.2/225/R2).
The participants in the "Youth in Аction Programme" of the European Commission "Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors" (BG13/А.3.1.2/225/R2).
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The Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (BSNCH) hosted a training seminar "Ultrasound TechnologiesChallenges BeforeYoung Doctors"(BG13/A.3.1.2/225/R2) funded by the "Youth in Action Programme" of the European Commission and managed by the "European Youth Programmes and lnitiatives" National Centre in Sofia.
The Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (BSNCH) hosted a training seminar "Ultrasound TechnologiesChallenges BeforeYoung Doctors"(BG13/A.3.1.2/225/R2) funded by the "Youth in Action Programme" of the European Commission and managed by the "European Youth Programmes and lnitiatives" National Centre in Sofia. lt was attended by partners from: Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics (Bulgaria), Medical University of Graz (Austria), Georgian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics GSNCH (Georgia) and Serbian National Society for Neuroangiology (Serbia) with the support of leading Bulgarian universities: Faculty of Medicine of Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", Medical University of Varna "Prof.
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Over 50 young doctors and medical students shared their experience on prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by using ultrasound technologies.
Dr. P. Stoyanov"; Medical University of Pleven, National Sports Academy "V. Levski" and Military Medical Academy Sofia. Over 50 young doctors and medical students shared their experience on prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases by using ultrasound technologies. Вy bringing together representatives from different countries of the European Union and countries neighboring the Union to address this common social problem, the participants overstepped their cultural and national differences in the name of this common humanitarian goal:
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Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors
Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors
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Participants visited the Medical Faculty of Sofia University Hospital "Lozenets", the exhibition of ultrasound equipment in the National Palace of Culture during the XVI World Neurosonology Meeting and the accompanying World Teaching Course.
Participants visited the Medical Faculty of Sofia University Hospital "Lozenets", the exhibition of ultrasound equipment in the National Palace of Culture during the XVI World Neurosonology Meeting and the accompanying World Teaching Course.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems.
"Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics" is the official Journal of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiology, as well as articles on the cerebral hemodynamics and related problems. lt contains the following categories:
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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20. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

Ultrasound Study of lntracranial Stenoses:
Ultrasound Study of lntracranial Stenoses:
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Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma,
Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma,
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Ultrasound Study of Intracranial Stenoses: Preand PostEndovascular Treatment.
Ultrasound Study of Intracranial Stenoses: Preand PostEndovascular Treatment.
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Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma, Temporal Arteries and Orbita.
Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma, Temporal Arteries and Orbita.
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Neuropsychological and behavioral examination and evaluation, Neurosonology (Extracranial/Transcranial ultrasound, Temporal arteries sonography, Orbita ultrasonography), Ultrasound examination of the brain parenchyma (basal ganglia), Stroke management (including thrombolytic therapy and sonothombolysis).
Neuropsychological and behavioral examination and evaluation, Neurosonology (Extracranial/Transcranial ultrasound, Temporal arteries sonography, Orbita ultrasonography), Ultrasound examination of the brain parenchyma (basal ganglia), Stroke management (including thrombolytic therapy and sonothombolysis).
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Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
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More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
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These findings support the role of functional TCD, along with duplex ultrasound and MR techniques, in the evaluation of these patients, since early stages of disease [4].
Functional transcranial Doppler can also be useful for evaluating presymptomatic and even prelesional subjects with genetic diseases affecting the endothelial function. As cerebrovascular disease is known to progress asymptomatically in the early stages of Fabry disease, a cohort of patients from families with the classical phenotype were studied with functional transcranial Doppler. The authors concluded that Fabry disease patients of both genders, without prior history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, may have disturbed neurovascular coupling in the visual cortex, as well as decreased resting posterior cerebral artery BFV. These findings support the role of functional TCD, along with duplex ultrasound and MR techniques, in the evaluation of these patients, since early stages of disease [4]. Finally, interesting findings seem to show that cerebral blood flow regulation may reflect the neurological dysfunction caused by cerebral microvascular disease [22, 23]. Data from the MOBILIZE Boston study shows that changes in CBF velocity responses to an N-Back task to study the NVC was significantly associated with gait speed and that subjects with higher NVC were able to suppress the negative relationship between white matter hyperintensities and gait speed [23]. A better understanding of the relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and structural changes in the aging brain is an essential step towards identifying preventive and therapeutic strategies
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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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Novel Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging.
Azevedo E CP. Novel Applications of Ultrasound Vascular Imaging. In: Castillo JRaM, editor. Vascular Imaging of
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Transcranial measurement of blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: velocity as an index of flow.
House FR, Gosling RG. Transcranial measurement of blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: velocity as an index of flow.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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Early changes in the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident.
Greater population life expectancy is one explanation for increased incidence of cognitive impairment cases. A large number of people with cognitive impairment and dementia is becoming one of the most important medical and social problems worldwide. Therefore, prevention of cognitive impairment is an imperative. Dementia includes a heterogeneous group of disorders, the most common being Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and Vascular dementia (VD). Most cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, atrial fibrillation, and smoking are not exclusively risk factors for VD, but also for AD. Early changes in the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Early disease detection enables in-time management, and studies have shown that careful control of vascular risk factors can postpone or even reverse disease progression.
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Ultrasound parameters, intima-media thickness (IMT), circumferential arterial stiffness, resistance, and pulsatility indexes of the common carotid artery were found to be age-dependent.
Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) and functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) are the neurosonological methods most frequently used for the assessment of a patient's vascular status, and the information obtained is helpful in the diagnosis of various forms of dementia. CDFI may show evidence of impaired cerebral blood flow. Ultrasound parameters, intima-media thickness (IMT), circumferential arterial stiffness, resistance, and pulsatility indexes of the common carotid artery were found to be age-dependent. Thus, these parameters can be used to determine the actual vascular age of individuals [23, 17].
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ULTRASOUND METHOD MEASUREMENT/ ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC VALUE
ULTRASOUND METHOD MEASUREMENT/ ASSESSMENT DIAGNOSTIC VALUE
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Noninvasive ultrasound method of detecting the presence of circulating emboli.
Noninvasive ultrasound method of detecting the presence of circulating emboli.
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inducing reactive hyperemia by temporary arterial occlusion and measuring the resultant relative increase in blood vessel diameter by ultrasound
inducing reactive hyperemia by temporary arterial occlusion and measuring the resultant relative increase in blood vessel diameter by ultrasound
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Intracranial haemodynamics of the aging brain can sucesfully be assessed using TCD, functional TCD assessing the response to various stressors, and the TCD detection of cerebral emboli, while extracranial neurosonological methods involve the measurement of intima-media thickness (IMT), plaque formation and composition, and alterations in arterial mechanisms based on B mode ultrasound imaging, such as pulse pressure wave or flow-mediated dilation.
Both intracranial and extracranial neurosonological methods are convenient, relatively widely available, and generally inexpensive diagnostic tools. Intracranial haemodynamics of the aging brain can sucesfully be assessed using TCD, functional TCD assessing the response to various stressors, and the TCD detection of cerebral emboli, while extracranial neurosonological methods involve the measurement of intima-media thickness (IMT), plaque formation and composition, and alterations in arterial mechanisms based on B mode ultrasound imaging, such as pulse pressure wave or flow-mediated dilation.
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Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia.
Doepp F, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ. Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia.
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V. How to monitor vascular aging with an ultrasound.
V. How to monitor vascular aging with an ultrasound.
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Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging.
Pignoli P, Tremoli E, Poli A, Oreste P, Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging.
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Ultrasound Study of Intracranial Stenoses: Preand PostEndovascular Treatment
Ultrasound Study of Intracranial Stenoses: Preand PostEndovascular Treatment
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atherosclerosis, endovascular treatment, hemodynamic effects, intracranial stenosis, ultrasound
atherosclerosis, endovascular treatment, hemodynamic effects, intracranial stenosis, ultrasound
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A systematic assessment of intracranial vessels by ultrasound is useful in diagnosing stroke patients with intracranial stenosis, understanding the nature of the stenosis, identifying ICAS patients at a higher risk of stroke recurrence.
A systematic assessment of intracranial vessels by ultrasound is useful in diagnosing stroke patients with intracranial stenosis, understanding the nature of the stenosis, identifying ICAS patients at a higher risk of stroke recurrence. In fact ultrasound can provide real-time flow information (grade of stenosis, collaterals), study hemodynamic changes with time (regression/progression/stability of stenosis) or in response to various stimuli including breath-holding index to induce or augment a steal, and it can also detect transient emboli. All the information gathered by ultrasound has immediate therapeutic implications: anticoagulants for a partially recanalized embolus, calcium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a progression of the stenosis, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream, assess intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes postoperatively (angioplasty alone or combined with new stents). In the latter cases, when verifying treatment efficacy, it is important to know the effects of a stent on cerebral blood flow in order to avoid misdiagnosis.
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In fact ultrasound can provide real-time flow information (grade of stenosis, collaterals), study hemodynamic changes with time (regression/progression/stability of stenosis) or in response to various stimuli including breath-holding index to induce or augment a steal, and it can also detect transient emboli.
A systematic assessment of intracranial vessels by ultrasound is useful in diagnosing stroke patients with intracranial stenosis, understanding the nature of the stenosis, identifying ICAS patients at a higher risk of stroke recurrence. In fact ultrasound can provide real-time flow information (grade of stenosis, collaterals), study hemodynamic changes with time (regression/progression/stability of stenosis) or in response to various stimuli including breath-holding index to induce or augment a steal, and it can also detect transient emboli. All the information gathered by ultrasound has immediate therapeutic implications: anticoagulants for a partially recanalized embolus, calcium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a progression of the stenosis, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream, assess intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes postoperatively (angioplasty alone or combined with new stents). In the latter cases, when verifying treatment efficacy, it is important to know the effects of a stent on cerebral blood flow in order to avoid misdiagnosis.
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All the information gathered by ultrasound has immediate therapeutic implications: anticoagulants for a partially recanalized embolus, calcium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS.
A systematic assessment of intracranial vessels by ultrasound is useful in diagnosing stroke patients with intracranial stenosis, understanding the nature of the stenosis, identifying ICAS patients at a higher risk of stroke recurrence. In fact ultrasound can provide real-time flow information (grade of stenosis, collaterals), study hemodynamic changes with time (regression/progression/stability of stenosis) or in response to various stimuli including breath-holding index to induce or augment a steal, and it can also detect transient emboli. All the information gathered by ultrasound has immediate therapeutic implications: anticoagulants for a partially recanalized embolus, calcium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a progression of the stenosis, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream, assess intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes postoperatively (angioplasty alone or combined with new stents). In the latter cases, when verifying treatment efficacy, it is important to know the effects of a stent on cerebral blood flow in order to avoid misdiagnosis.
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In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a progression of the stenosis, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream, assess intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes postoperatively (angioplasty alone or combined with new stents).
A systematic assessment of intracranial vessels by ultrasound is useful in diagnosing stroke patients with intracranial stenosis, understanding the nature of the stenosis, identifying ICAS patients at a higher risk of stroke recurrence. In fact ultrasound can provide real-time flow information (grade of stenosis, collaterals), study hemodynamic changes with time (regression/progression/stability of stenosis) or in response to various stimuli including breath-holding index to induce or augment a steal, and it can also detect transient emboli. All the information gathered by ultrasound has immediate therapeutic implications: anticoagulants for a partially recanalized embolus, calcium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a progression of the stenosis, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream, assess intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes postoperatively (angioplasty alone or combined with new stents). In the latter cases, when verifying treatment efficacy, it is important to know the effects of a stent on cerebral blood flow in order to avoid misdiagnosis.
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The aim of this lecture is to give an overview of the clinical applications of ultrasound in the assessment of intracranial stenoses in order to improve outcome and abate stroke risk.
The aim of this lecture is to give an overview of the clinical applications of ultrasound in the assessment of intracranial stenoses in order to improve outcome and abate stroke risk.
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In these cases the signal can be enhanced by using ultrasound contrast agents.
Important data on the intracranial circulation can be collected by Transcranial Doppler (TCD) or Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) through regions of the skull where the bone is naturally thin named bone windows; the main windows are the transtemporal, the transforaminal and the submandibular. The patency of the bone windows depends on several factors: bone thickness, patient age, gender, race and brain parenchyma. A thicker bone, old age, female gender, black race and brain atrophy make examinations more difficult. In these cases the signal can be enhanced by using ultrasound contrast agents. The most important characteristics
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It must also be remembered that interpretation of ultrasound waveforms depends on the quality of the study performed, therefore appropriate training and equipment are essential.
No matter how the information is gathered (TCD or TCCS), the ability to interpret correctly vessel spectrograms is of paramount importance for understanding the neurovascular status of the patient. It must also be remembered that interpretation of ultrasound waveforms depends on the quality of the study performed, therefore appropriate training and equipment are essential. Often, we are confronted with patients having findings outside the classical schemes (i.e. bilateral disease, tandem lesions, coexistence of systemic and focal abnormalities) and this represents the real challenge of cerebrovascular ultrasound interpretation.
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bilateral disease, tandem lesions, coexistence of systemic and focal abnormalities) and this represents the real challenge of cerebrovascular ultrasound interpretation.
No matter how the information is gathered (TCD or TCCS), the ability to interpret correctly vessel spectrograms is of paramount importance for understanding the neurovascular status of the patient. It must also be remembered that interpretation of ultrasound waveforms depends on the quality of the study performed, therefore appropriate training and equipment are essential. Often, we are confronted with patients having findings outside the classical schemes (i.e. bilateral disease, tandem lesions, coexistence of systemic and focal abnormalities) and this represents the real challenge of cerebrovascular ultrasound interpretation.
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Stroke is a dynamic disease, consequently static neuroimaging studies (CT, MRI) characterize this process only partially; ultrasound monitoring in parallel with clinical evaluation offer in-
Stroke is a dynamic disease, consequently static neuroimaging studies (CT, MRI) characterize this process only partially; ultrasound monitoring in parallel with clinical evaluation offer in-
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Intracranial occlusion can be directly or indirectly detected by ultrasound.
valuable information on the pathophysiology of stroke allowing for tailored treatment. Intracranial occlusion can be directly or indirectly detected by ultrasound. Direct criteria for proximal occlusion include no flow signal (TIBI 0) and minimal flow signal (TIBI 1), while blunted flow signal (TIBI
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While transcranial ultrasound has very high specificity, sensitivity and negative predictive value, it has only modest positive predictive value, thus requiring confirmation by other imaging modality such as CTA or conventional cerebral angiography.
2) and dampened flow signal (TIBI 3) are criteria for distal occlusion. Indirect criteria of intracranial arterial occlusion comprise high resistance in the feeding vessel or in the proximal segment of the occluded vessel, flow diversion and signs of collateralization. Analogously to intracranial occlusion, intracranial stenosis criteria are direct and indirect. Direct criteria include progressive focal increase of lood flow velocities in 2 50% stenosis or paradoxical velocity decrease with very severe stenosis, near-occlusion or diffuse intracranial disease. Indirect criteria, which are present only in very severe stenosis (>80%), are the same as for occlusion: high resistance in the feeding vessel or in the proximal segment of the stenotic vessel, flow diversion and signs of collateralization. While transcranial ultrasound has very high specificity, sensitivity and negative predictive value, it has only modest positive predictive value, thus requiring confirmation by other imaging modality such as CTA or conventional cerebral angiography.
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Transcranial ultrasound can surely help by studying collaterals, testing for vasomotor reactivity and detecting emboli.
Once the anatomical diagnosis of an intracranial stenosis is made, it is crucial to understand the functional significance and the hemodynamic effects of the stenosis. Transcranial ultrasound can surely help by studying collaterals, testing for vasomotor reactivity and detecting emboli. In fact TCD/TCCS can provide real-time information on collateral flow and in case of vessel obstruction, activation of collateral pathways is very important for the clinical outcome of the patient. A complete circle of Willis and the possibility to activate primary collaterals (anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery) or secondary collaterals (ophthalmic artery, leptomeningeal arteries) reduces the risk of hemodynamic ischemic stroke. Sometimes we see a compensatory increase of blood flow velocity in the donor vessel due to recruitment of collaterals by vasodilation in tissues with compromised perfusion. This is called flow diversion and represents a natural steal by vessels distal to an arterial occlusion.
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Transcranial ultrasound is the only diagnostic method that can detect clinically silent emboli; this requires continuous monitoring of the major intracranial arteries and according to the current consensus the duration of the monitoring should be at least one hour.
Transcranial ultrasound is the only diagnostic method that can detect clinically silent emboli; this requires continuous monitoring of the major intracranial arteries and according to the current consensus the duration of the monitoring should be at least one hour. Microembolic signal (MES) detection identifies patients who are at higher risk of atheroembolic stroke, thus allowing to select those patients who could benefit from a more aggressive treatment. MES are also valid surrogate markers for verifying antithrombotic efficacy and a key for individualized stroke medicine.
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Another limit is that ultrasound detection of hemodynamically relevant intracranial stenosis limits the search to the advanced stages of the disease.
Intracranial artery stenosis is assumed to represent atherosclerotic plaque when no other obvious disorder, like vasculitis or dissection, is found on diagnostic work-up. However, we know relatively little about the composition of these cerebral artery stenoses apparent on noninvasive and invasive imaging studies. Another limit is that ultrasound detection of hemodynamically relevant intracranial stenosis limits the search to the advanced stages of the disease. In fact, intracranial stenosis represents only the most advanced stage of intracranial atherosclerosis, because the vessel maintains the same lumen diameter up to 40-50% stenosis due to the remodeling of the arterial wall according to Glagov regardless of the progressing atherosclerotic process. When this compensatory mechanism fails, a vessel stenosis develops.
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In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a possible progression of the stenosis, exclude a branch occlusion, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream.
cium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a possible progression of the stenosis, exclude a branch occlusion, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream. The SAMMPRIS study has shown that early aggressive medical therapy is better than stenting for prevention of recurrent stroke. Nevertheless, there are subgroups of patients who remain at high risk of stroke despite aggressive medical therapy. In these patients, angioplasty alone or in combination with new stent types might still be an option, and transcranial ultrasound can quickly assess vessel patency by recording intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes post-operatively. In particular, due to the metal composition of the stent, TCCS can clearly display the stent, thereby determining the location and shape of it. When the treatment is effective, there is a significant and immediate decrease of blood flow velocities; after about a week, owing to the reshaping of the stent and vascular remodeling, there is a further improvement in hemodynamics with velocity values declining toward normal.
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In these patients, angioplasty alone or in combination with new stent types might still be an option, and transcranial ultrasound can quickly assess vessel patency by recording intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes post-operatively.
cium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a possible progression of the stenosis, exclude a branch occlusion, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream. The SAMMPRIS study has shown that early aggressive medical therapy is better than stenting for prevention of recurrent stroke. Nevertheless, there are subgroups of patients who remain at high risk of stroke despite aggressive medical therapy. In these patients, angioplasty alone or in combination with new stent types might still be an option, and transcranial ultrasound can quickly assess vessel patency by recording intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes post-operatively. In particular, due to the metal composition of the stent, TCCS can clearly display the stent, thereby determining the location and shape of it. When the treatment is effective, there is a significant and immediate decrease of blood flow velocities; after about a week, owing to the reshaping of the stent and vascular remodeling, there is a further improvement in hemodynamics with velocity values declining toward normal. A regular follow-up of these patients is advisable in order to confirm the efficacy of stenting and to detect residual stenosis or in-stent restenosis. Finally, it is important to underline that
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Overall transcranial ultrasound provides accurate information on cerebral hemodynamics and represents the ideal modality for following disease progression and therapeutic effects.
blood flow velocities in a stented vessel are higher compared to a non-stented vessel; consequently, when verifying treatment efficacy this has to be taken into account to avoid overestimation of residual stenosis or misdiagnosis of in-stent restenosis. Overall transcranial ultrasound provides accurate information on cerebral hemodynamics and represents the ideal modality for following disease progression and therapeutic effects.
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Neurovascular Examination: the rapid evaluation of stroke patients using ultrasound waveform interpretation.
Alexandrov AV. Neurovascular Examination: the rapid evaluation of stroke patients using ultrasound waveform interpretation. Oxford-Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
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sonothrombolysis, ultrasound
sonothrombolysis, ultrasound
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To enhance the effect of i.v.thrombolysis and speed up clot lysis, the use of ultrasound (US) has been evaluated in several studies.
Despite its evident efficacy, i.v.thrombolysis has a surprisingly low successful recanalization rate, which ranges between 20% and 30%, depending on the site and on the extension of arterial occlusion. To enhance the effect of i.v.thrombolysis and speed up clot lysis, the use of ultrasound (US) has been evaluated in several studies.
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In most stroke units the access to ultrasound for the diagnosis of intracranial arterial occlusion is quite simple, due to the wide availability of transcranial Doppler among the clinical tools of vascular neurologists.
In most stroke units the access to ultrasound for the diagnosis of intracranial arterial occlusion is quite simple, due to the wide availability of transcranial Doppler among the clinical tools of vascular neurologists. A Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and/or a Transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) are usually performed in the acute phase of IS, to detect and localize the arterial occlusion
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Microbubble administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2-MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.
n J. Microbubble administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2-MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator.
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Microbubble potentiated transcranial duplex ultrasound enhances IV thrombolysis in acute stroke.
Perren F, Loulidi J, Poglia D, Landis T, Sztajzel R. Microbubble potentiated transcranial duplex ultrasound enhances IV thrombolysis in acute stroke.
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Combined contrast-enhanced ultrasound and rt-PA treatment is safe and improves impaired microcirculation after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Nedelmann M, Ritschel N, Doenges S, Langheinrich AC, Acker T, Reuter P, Yeniguen M, Pukropski J, Kaps M, Mueller C, Bachmann G, Gerriets T. Combined contrast-enhanced ultrasound and rt-PA treatment is safe and improves impaired microcirculation after reperfusion of middle cerebral artery occlusion.
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Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies.
Tsivgoulis G, Eggers J, Ribo M, Perren F, Saqqur M, Rubiera M, Sergentanis TN, Vadikolias K, Larrue V, Molina CA, AlexandrovAV. Safety and efficacy of ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized studies.
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Ultrasound, microbubbles and the blood-brain barrier.
Meairs S, Alonso A. Ultrasound, microbubbles and the blood-brain barrier.
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Transcranial ultrasound in clinical sonothrombolysis (TUCSON) trial.
Molina CA, Barreto AD, Tsivgoulis G, et al. Transcranial ultrasound in clinical sonothrombolysis (TUCSON) trial.
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L. Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine.
L. Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine.
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CLOTBUST-Hands Free: pilot safety study of a novel operator-independent ultrasound device in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
Barreto AD, Alexandrov AV, Shen L, Sisson A, Bursaw AW, Sahota P, Peng H, Ardjomand-Hessabi M, Pandurengan R, Rahbar MH, Barlinn K, Indupuru H, Gonzales NR, Savitz SI, Grotta JC. CLOTBUST-Hands Free: pilot safety study of a novel operator-independent ultrasound device in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma, Temporal Arteries and Orbita
Ultrasound Imaging of Brain Parenchyma, Temporal Arteries and Orbita
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brain parenchyma, diagnosis, orbita, temporal arteries, ultrasound imaging
brain parenchyma, diagnosis, orbita, temporal arteries, ultrasound imaging
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TCS is a highly sensitive non-invasive ultrasound method for detection of early and highly specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients suffering from some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s-, Huntington’sand Wilson’s disease, secondary parkinsonian syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxias, some forms of dystonia.
TCS is a highly sensitive non-invasive ultrasound method for detection of early and highly specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients suffering from some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s-, Huntington’sand Wilson’s disease, secondary parkinsonian syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxias, some forms of dystonia. Changes of the brainstem raphe echogenicity have been shown to be highly prevalent in patients with unipolaras well depression associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases. That why TCS is valuable neuroimaging method for early and differential diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Ultrasonography of the temporal arteries revealed in 70-90% of patients with a clinical suspicion of temporal arteritis, specific sonographic changes: a) circumferent hypoechogenic wall thickening-halo, b) segmental stenosis or occlusion of temporal
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound diagnostic method which displays echogenicity of the brain tissue through the intact skull.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound diagnostic method which displays echogenicity of the brain tissue through the intact skull.
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[1], numerous TCS studies reported other specific ultrasound features in various other neurodegenerative diseases.
Besides the specific substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity in about 90% of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patents, that was first time described in 1995 by Becker et al. [1], numerous TCS studies reported other specific ultrasound features in various other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Based on the consensus guidelines it is suggested to perform TCS scanning through the temporal acoustic bone windows, as it is suggested for transcranial vascular ultrasound.
Based on the consensus guidelines it is suggested to perform TCS scanning through the temporal acoustic bone windows, as it is suggested for transcranial vascular ultrasound. Guidelines suggest using modern ultrasound equipped with 2.0to 3.5-MHz phased-array transducers [7-9]. For the optimal insonation of brain structures,
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Guidelines suggest using modern ultrasound equipped with 2.0to 3.5-MHz phased-array transducers [7-9].
Based on the consensus guidelines it is suggested to perform TCS scanning through the temporal acoustic bone windows, as it is suggested for transcranial vascular ultrasound. Guidelines suggest using modern ultrasound equipped with 2.0to 3.5-MHz phased-array transducers [7-9]. For the optimal insonation of brain structures,
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TCS parameters should be set as follows: dynamic range between 45 and 50 dB, insonation depth should be 14-16 cm; individualized adaptation of time gain compensation and brightness of the ultrasound image in order to achieve the best possible visualization.
TCS parameters should be set as follows: dynamic range between 45 and 50 dB, insonation depth should be 14-16 cm; individualized adaptation of time gain compensation and brightness of the ultrasound image in order to achieve the best possible visualization. After clear ultrasound depiction of the basal ganglia structures it is suggested to fix and zoom ultrasound picture in order to provide optimal conditions for further ultrasound measurements. The scanning is performed at several axial levels through the brainstem and the thalami [7, 8, 9].
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After clear ultrasound depiction of the basal ganglia structures it is suggested to fix and zoom ultrasound picture in order to provide optimal conditions for further ultrasound measurements.
TCS parameters should be set as follows: dynamic range between 45 and 50 dB, insonation depth should be 14-16 cm; individualized adaptation of time gain compensation and brightness of the ultrasound image in order to achieve the best possible visualization. After clear ultrasound depiction of the basal ganglia structures it is suggested to fix and zoom ultrasound picture in order to provide optimal conditions for further ultrasound measurements. The scanning is performed at several axial levels through the brainstem and the thalami [7, 8, 9].
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depending on ultrasound systems applied.
depending on ultrasound systems applied.
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To display the thalamic axial plane level the ultrasound probe should be tilted 10-20 degrees upward.
To display the thalamic axial plane level the ultrasound probe should be tilted 10-20 degrees upward. Very important landmark of the thalamic
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Temporal artery biopsy is still a gold standard for diagnosis, however in recent years color duplex ultrasound examination has been proposed as a useful diagnostic screening tool in cases of TA suspicion.
Temporal artery biopsy is still a gold standard for diagnosis, however in recent years color duplex ultrasound examination has been proposed as a useful diagnostic screening tool in cases of TA suspicion. Schmidt et al. [26] first described the edematous wall swelling of the temporal arteries, characterized sonographically as a hypoechoic or anechoic circumferential mural thickening localized around the arterial lumen, with a diameter ranging from 0.3–2.0 mm (Fig. 3). This finding was named as the “halo sign”. Two other parameters considered relevant for the diagnosis of TA were described: stenosis and occlusion. Stenosis, characterized by a narrowing of the lumen, was defined as a segmental increase in blood flow velocity two times greater than in the region before the stenosis.
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The sensitivity of ultrasound was highest when all three findings (halo, stenosis and occlusion) were present.
The sensitivity of ultrasound was highest when all three findings (halo, stenosis and occlusion) were present. The sensitivity of halo alone was lower, but the specificity was high. The weighted sensitivity and specificity of the halo sign were 69% (95% CI, 57% to 79%) and
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There is a need for high quality color duplex ultrasound equipment, with standardized adjustments and a high frequency (> 8MHz) linear transducer [26].
For correct diagnosis, the appropriate examination technique and the experience of the sonographer are very important. There is a need for high quality color duplex ultrasound equipment, with standardized adjustments and a high frequency (> 8MHz) linear transducer [26]. False positive and negative halos may be seen in ultrasound examination. It is important to take care about the color gain during insonation, while if it is inappropriate could give false positive or negative results. Ultrasound is not able to differentiate between TA and other vasculitis that can involve the temporal arteries.
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False positive and negative halos may be seen in ultrasound examination.
For correct diagnosis, the appropriate examination technique and the experience of the sonographer are very important. There is a need for high quality color duplex ultrasound equipment, with standardized adjustments and a high frequency (> 8MHz) linear transducer [26]. False positive and negative halos may be seen in ultrasound examination. It is important to take care about the color gain during insonation, while if it is inappropriate could give false positive or negative results. Ultrasound is not able to differentiate between TA and other vasculitis that can involve the temporal arteries.
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Ultrasound is not able to differentiate between TA and other vasculitis that can involve the temporal arteries.
For correct diagnosis, the appropriate examination technique and the experience of the sonographer are very important. There is a need for high quality color duplex ultrasound equipment, with standardized adjustments and a high frequency (> 8MHz) linear transducer [26]. False positive and negative halos may be seen in ultrasound examination. It is important to take care about the color gain during insonation, while if it is inappropriate could give false positive or negative results. Ultrasound is not able to differentiate between TA and other vasculitis that can involve the temporal arteries.
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Recently published novel vascular ultrasound phenotype – namely visibility vs.
The consistently higher specificity serves to substantially increase suspicion when a halo sign is present. Recently published novel vascular ultrasound phenotype – namely visibility vs. loss of visibility of the TA upon transducer-imposed artery compression (compression sign that is absent in the diseased artery, i.e. upon transducer compression of the temporal artery it remains visible) could in combination with halo sign significantly increase the sensitivity and the specificity of sonography for the TA diagnosis [28].
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Another role that has been suggested for ultrasound is direction of the temporal artery biopsy so as to avoid skip lesions.
The greatest utility of ultrasonography may be in cases with bilateral-halo signs. If high specificity in these cases is indeed confirmed with further investigation, the necessity of a temporal-artery biopsy in such cases may be questionable. Another role that has been suggested for ultrasound is direction of the temporal artery biopsy so as to avoid skip lesions. Finally, ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries had been shown to aid in the diagnosis of the large vessel variant of giantcell arteritis (in which the aorta and its branches are primarily involved) [24, 25, 26].
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Finally, ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries had been shown to aid in the diagnosis of the large vessel variant of giantcell arteritis (in which the aorta and its branches are primarily involved) [24, 25, 26].
The greatest utility of ultrasonography may be in cases with bilateral-halo signs. If high specificity in these cases is indeed confirmed with further investigation, the necessity of a temporal-artery biopsy in such cases may be questionable. Another role that has been suggested for ultrasound is direction of the temporal artery biopsy so as to avoid skip lesions. Finally, ultrasound of proximal upper extremity arteries had been shown to aid in the diagnosis of the large vessel variant of giantcell arteritis (in which the aorta and its branches are primarily involved) [24, 25, 26].
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Ultrasound imaging of orbita
Ultrasound imaging of orbita
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It is recommended to depict the nasal side on the left side of the ultrasound B-mode image (Fig.
Retrobulbar segment of the optic nerve could be visualized in axial scanning plane while optic disc and nerve are depicted longitudinally. It is recommended to depict the nasal side on the left side of the ultrasound B-mode image (Fig. 4A) [29].
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All mentioned ultrasound methods are easily applicable, non-invasive, cost effective,
All mentioned ultrasound methods are easily applicable, non-invasive, cost effective,
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Certain limitations are associated with non-transparent acoustic bone windows for TCS in small minority of patients and with the operator-dependence for all described modern ultrasound methods.
Certain limitations are associated with non-transparent acoustic bone windows for TCS in small minority of patients and with the operator-dependence for all described modern ultrasound methods.
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Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
Walter U, Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, Grossmann A, Benecke R, Niehaus L. Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
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Ultrasound Med Biol
Ultrasound Med Biol
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J Ultrasound Med
J Ultrasound Med
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emporal artery compression sign-a novel ultrasound finding for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis.
Aschwanden M, Daikeler T, Kesten F, Baldi T, Benz D, Tyndall A, Imfeld S, Staub D, Hess C, Jaeger KA. emporal artery compression sign-a novel ultrasound finding for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis.
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In: Baumgartner RW (ed): Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound.
Aaslid R. Cerebral Autoregulation and Vasomotor Reactivity. In: Baumgartner RW (ed): Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound. Front Neurol Neurosci;
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Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to assess cerebrovascular reactivity: reliability, reproducibility and effect of posture.
McDonnell MN, Berry NM, Cutting MA, Keage HA, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to assess cerebrovascular reactivity: reliability, reproducibility and effect of posture.
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Ultrasound in neurology.
Titianova E. Ultrasound in neurology. COTY LTD, Sofia, 2006.
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J Ultrasound Med 26, 2007: 179-185.
Uzunca I, Asil T, Balci K, Utku U. Evaluation of Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Sonography. J Ultrasound Med 26, 2007: 179-185.
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21. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 1 , , ,

neuro-ophthalmosonography, ultrasound eye imaging
neuro-ophthalmosonography, ultrasound eye imaging
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To demonstrate diagnostic abilities of ultrasound methods in patients with eye pathology and neuro-ophthalmic symptoms and syndromes.
To demonstrate diagnostic abilities of ultrasound methods in patients with eye pathology and neuro-ophthalmic symptoms and syndromes.
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Significant differences in ultrasound parameters of the optic nerve and optic disc in comparison to healthy individuals were searched depending on the type and the severity of the disease.
Using multimodal neurosonography 28 clinically healthy persons and 20 patients with different ocular pathology (papilledema, retinal detachment, macular degeneration, intraocular metastasis, optic nerve atrophy, etc.) were examined. Significant differences in ultrasound parameters of the optic nerve and optic disc in comparison to healthy individuals were searched depending on the type and the severity of the disease.
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By using 3D/4D ultrasound imaging in real-time it is possible to obtain an anatomic imaging of eye structures in horizontal, lateral and sagittal projection [7, 13].
Ultrasonic methods are routinely used in ophthalmology for studying the eye structures (lens, eye bulb, anterior and posterior eye chambers, optic disc and optic nerve) and ocular circulation (ophthalmic arteries and veins) primarily in patients with cataracts or other diseases that prevent the normal ophthalmoscopy [5, 8, 10]. In the last decade they have entered as a screening diagnostic method in neurology for distinguishing ocular diseases from neuroophthalmic symptoms and syndromes [3, 9]. By using 3D/4D ultrasound imaging in real-time it is possible to obtain an anatomic imaging of eye structures in horizontal, lateral and sagittal projection [7, 13].
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The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of multimodal ultrasound methods in healthy subjects and patients with primary ocular pathology and neuroophthalmic symptoms and syndromes.
The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the diagnostic capabilities of multimodal ultrasound methods in healthy subjects and patients with primary ocular pathology and neuroophthalmic symptoms and syndromes.
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Ultrasound examination was conducted with high-class multimodal sonograph (Loqic 7, GE) with a possibility for 2D/3D/4D imaging of eye structures and B-flow angiography using a special linear probe (6-12 MHz).
Ultrasound examination was conducted with high-class multimodal sonograph (Loqic 7, GE) with a possibility for 2D/3D/4D imaging of eye structures and B-flow angiography using a special linear probe (6-12 MHz). It is preceded by a routine duplex scanning of the extracranial and intracranial arteries and the brain parenchyma. The ocular structures were imaged by placing the probe over the transorbital window (fig. 1). The diameter of optic nerve/optic sheath complex was measured 3 mm distal to the optic disc according to the international standard [4, 12]
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The ultrasound findings were compared with clinical neuro-ophthalmic study – visual functions, refraction anomalies and ophthalmoscopic findings.
– fig. 2. The ultrasound findings were compared with clinical neuro-ophthalmic study – visual functions, refraction anomalies and ophthalmoscopic findings.
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The optic nerve caused a hypoechoic shadow away from the globe and a typical 4D ultrasound image – the optic disc had a sharp contour without swelling into the vitreous and the optic nerves were with relatively symmetrical sheath diameters on both sides.
The optic nerve caused a hypoechoic shadow away from the globe and a typical 4D ultrasound image – the optic disc had a sharp contour without swelling into the vitreous and the optic nerves were with relatively symmetrical sheath diameters on both sides. By B-flow angiography arterial (a. ophthalmica and a. centralis retinae) and corre-
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Ultrasound imaging of a 10-day hemophthalmus
Ultrasound imaging of a 10-day hemophthalmus
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Eye trauma injuries cause different deformation in the bulb and its structures that can be visualized by ultrasound imaging (using duplex-scan and B-mode).
Eye trauma injuries cause different deformation in the bulb and its structures that can be visualized by ultrasound imaging (using duplex-scan and B-mode). Sonograms correspond with the findings from CT/MPA imaging methods (fig. 8, 9).
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ods in combination with B-flow ultrasound angiography provides additional information on the type, location and severity of changes in ocular structures and their circulation [9, 13].
ods in combination with B-flow ultrasound angiography provides additional information on the type, location and severity of changes in ocular structures and their circulation [9, 13]. They are cost effective, bedside and could be repeated as much as needed.
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In neurology field the ultrasound multimodal imaging of ocular structures contributes for evaluation of the type, location and severity of optic disc and optic nerve edema and their differentiation from pure ocular diseases.
In neurology field the ultrasound multimodal imaging of ocular structures contributes for evaluation of the type, location and severity of optic disc and optic nerve edema and their differentiation from pure ocular diseases. As part of the central nervous system the optic nerve is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Any changes of the intracranial pressure have an influence on optic nerve/optic sheath ( ONSD) diameter (normal average values of 5.1±0.5 mm [1, 3, 4]). The sensitivity of transorbital ultrasound is 90% and its specificity – 85% for prediction of increased intracranial pressure. Decreased ONSD bellow 4.7 mm could be associated with intracranial hypotension, either idiopathic or iatrogenic [9].
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The sensitivity of transorbital ultrasound is 90% and its specificity – 85% for prediction of increased intracranial pressure.
In neurology field the ultrasound multimodal imaging of ocular structures contributes for evaluation of the type, location and severity of optic disc and optic nerve edema and their differentiation from pure ocular diseases. As part of the central nervous system the optic nerve is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges. Any changes of the intracranial pressure have an influence on optic nerve/optic sheath ( ONSD) diameter (normal average values of 5.1±0.5 mm [1, 3, 4]). The sensitivity of transorbital ultrasound is 90% and its specificity – 85% for prediction of increased intracranial pressure. Decreased ONSD bellow 4.7 mm could be associated with intracranial hypotension, either idiopathic or iatrogenic [9].
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Ultrasound methods can be used as a screening tool for a selection of patients undergoing lumbar puncture, CT or MRI.
Ultrasound methods can be used as a screening tool for a selection of patients undergoing lumbar puncture, CT or MRI.
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Ultrasound in ophthalmology.
Fledelius HC. Ultrasound in ophthalmology. Ultrasound Med Biol 23, 1997:365-375.
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Ultrasound Med Biol 23, 1997:365-375.
Fledelius HC. Ultrasound in ophthalmology. Ultrasound Med Biol 23, 1997:365-375.
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Ultrasound lmaging of Brain Parenchyma, temporal arteries and orbita.
Mihajlovic M. Ultrasound lmaging of Brain Parenchyma, temporal arteries and orbita. Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics, 10, 2014:138-144.
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Diagnostic ultrasound in ophthalmology.
Restori M, Mcleod D, Wright JE. Diagnostic ultrasound in ophthalmology. J R Soc Med 73, 1980:273-278.
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Ultrasound diagnosis of papilledema and increased intracranial pressure in pseudotumor cerebri. Am
Stone MB. Ultrasound diagnosis of papilledema and increased intracranial pressure in pseudotumor cerebri. Am
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B. Four-dimentional ultrasound imaging in neuro-ophthalmology.
B. Four-dimentional ultrasound imaging in neuro-ophthalmology. ln: Perspectives in Medicine. New Trends in Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics an Update 1, 2012:86-88.
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Professor Claudio Baracchini (Italy) presented his research “Ultrasound study of intracranial stenoses: preand postendovascular treatment”.
Professor Claudio Baracchini (Italy) presented his research “Ultrasound study of intracranial stenoses: preand postendovascular treatment”. Professor Massimo Del Sette (Italy) gave wonderful presentation about Sonothrombolysis. Professor Milija Mijajlovic (Serbia) described “Ultrasound imaging of brain parenchyma, temporal arteries and orbita”. At the end of the lecture session, Professor Irena Velcheva spoke about Cerebral vasomotor reactivity in clinical settings.
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Professor Milija Mijajlovic (Serbia) described “Ultrasound imaging of brain parenchyma, temporal arteries and orbita”.
Professor Claudio Baracchini (Italy) presented his research “Ultrasound study of intracranial stenoses: preand postendovascular treatment”. Professor Massimo Del Sette (Italy) gave wonderful presentation about Sonothrombolysis. Professor Milija Mijajlovic (Serbia) described “Ultrasound imaging of brain parenchyma, temporal arteries and orbita”. At the end of the lecture session, Professor Irena Velcheva spoke about Cerebral vasomotor reactivity in clinical settings.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiol
ebral Hemodynamics. The journal publishes original papers on ultrasound diagnostics in neurology, neonatology and angiol
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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22. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
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For the past 10 years BSNCH has established itself as a respectable scientific organization in the field of Neurology and Neurosonology, introducing the European and world standards in ultrasound diagnostics of the nervous system and of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
For the past 10 years BSNCH has established itself as a respectable scientific organization in the field of Neurology and Neurosonology, introducing the European and world standards in ultrasound diagnostics of the nervous system and of therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. The society has grown in membership, expanded its scientific, educational and practical activity and imposed a policy of continuous post-graduate training and professional advancement of its members.
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Youth Forum “Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors” (2013).
Youth Forum “Ultrasound Technologies Challenges Before Young Doctors” (2013).
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rosonology Meeting of the World Federation of Neurology (October 17–20, 2013, Sofia), the first regional training course of the European Academy of Neurology (October 2–5, 2014, Sofia), the international seminar „Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges before Young Doctors“, financed by the „Youth in Action Programme“ of the European Commission (Project No BG13/A3.1.2/225/R2 – October 15–20, 2013, Sofia).
rosonology Meeting of the World Federation of Neurology (October 17–20, 2013, Sofia), the first regional training course of the European Academy of Neurology (October 2–5, 2014, Sofia), the international seminar „Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges before Young Doctors“, financed by the „Youth in Action Programme“ of the European Commission (Project No BG13/A3.1.2/225/R2 – October 15–20, 2013, Sofia).
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Titianova has a significant contribution to the introduction of four-dimensional ultrasound in Neurology and to the promotion of Neuro-ophthalmo-sonology and Neuro-myosonology.
Acad. Prof. Titianova has a significant contribution to the introduction of four-dimensional ultrasound in Neurology and to the promotion of Neuro-ophthalmo-sonology and Neuro-myosonology. In 2009 the presentation „Four-dimensional Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology“ by
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In 2009 the presentation „Four-dimensional Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology“ by
Acad. Prof. Titianova has a significant contribution to the introduction of four-dimensional ultrasound in Neurology and to the promotion of Neuro-ophthalmo-sonology and Neuro-myosonology. In 2009 the presentation „Four-dimensional Ultrasound Diagnostics in Neurology“ by
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With the assistance of BSNCH several textbooks on Neurosonology were issued: “Ultrasound Diagnosis in Neurology” (Ekaterina Titianova) “Atlas of Neurosonology” (edited by Ekaterina Titianova Kurt Niederkorn and Emilia Christova) “National Consensus in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology”
With the assistance of BSNCH several textbooks on Neurosonology were issued: “Ultrasound Diagnosis in Neurology” (Ekaterina Titianova) “Atlas of Neurosonology” (edited by Ekaterina Titianova Kurt Niederkorn and Emilia Christova) “National Consensus in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Behavior in Extracranial Carotid Pathology”
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Over the past decade BSNCH created a modern school in Neurosonology and established traditions in building highly qualified and certified European specialists in the field of the diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology.
Over the past decade BSNCH created a modern school in Neurosonology and established traditions in building highly qualified and certified European specialists in the field of the diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound in Neurology. The members of the Society, our Bulgarian and foreign partners and sponsors and many sympathizers and supporters contributed for the achievement of this goal.
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The Serbian National Association of Neuroangiology participated as a partner in the Project of the European Commission: “Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors” where 10 Serbian young doctors took part in.
The Serbian National Association of Neuroangiology participated as a partner in the Project of the European Commission: “Ultrasound Technologies – Challenges Before Young Doctors” where 10 Serbian young doctors took part in.
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It is part of the idea of “Balkan Neurosonolgy”, uniting scientific and practical interests in the field of ultrasound diagnosis of the nervous system in the countries of the Southeast Europe.
Since 2015 the scientific Journal “Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics” creates the rubric “Serbian Neurosonology” edited by Prof. Nadezhda Sternic and Assoc. prof. Milija Mijajlovic from Serbia. It is part of the idea of “Balkan Neurosonolgy”, uniting scientific and practical interests in the field of ultrasound diagnosis of the nervous system in the countries of the Southeast Europe.
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Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
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Since the contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE) is considered the “gold” standard for right-to-left cardiac shunt detection, we compared its sensitivity with the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD).