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96 results of 22 texts with exact phrase : 'carotid arteries'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries.
Langsfield M, Gray-Weale A, Lusby R. The role of plaque morphology and diameter reduction in the development of new symptoms in asymptomatic carotid arteries.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

Atherosclerosis of carotid arteries and the ace insertion/deletion polymorphism in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2.
Diamantopoulos EJ, Andreadis E, Kakou M, Vlachonikolis I, Vassilopoulos C, Giannakopoulos N, Tarassi K, Papasteriades C, Nicolaides A, Raptis S. Atherosclerosis of carotid arteries and the ace insertion/deletion polymorphism in subjects with diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Genetics strongly determines the wall thickness of the left and right carotid arteries.
Zannad F, Visvikis S, Gueguen R, Sass C, Chapet O, Herbeth B, Siest G. Genetics strongly determines the wall thickness of the left and right carotid arteries.
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 1 , , ,

However the cases of asymptomatic stenosis and even obstruction of carotid arteries proves the effectiveness of aforementioned mechanisms to maintain the flow and 0-point in changed (in relatively wide diapason) conditions, or to restore the balance in a short time, as in TIA.
, because of diminished quantity of blood. However the cases of asymptomatic stenosis and even obstruction of carotid arteries proves the effectiveness of aforementioned mechanisms to maintain the flow and 0-point in changed (in relatively wide diapason) conditions, or to restore the balance in a short time, as in TIA.
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By means of ultrasound duplex-scanning of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) the presence and type of atheroscle
index of erythrocyte aggregation (IEA) and the index of oxygen transport to tissues (TO2) were calculated. By means of ultrasound duplex-scanning of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) the presence and type of atheroscle
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 2 , , ,

Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 924 patients: 368 with RF for CVD, 126 with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 287 with chronic unilateral infarction (CUI) and 143 with multiple infarctions.
Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 924 patients: 368 with RF for CVD, 126 with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 287 with chronic unilateral infarction (CUI) and 143 with multiple infarctions. The intima media tickness (IMT) of the common carotid (CCA) and the internal carotid (ICA) arteries was measured in B-mode and M-mode scanning. Nonmodifiable (age and
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 1 , , ,

Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries in a Patient with Transient Ischemic Attack
Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries in a Patient with Transient Ischemic Attack
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The diagnosis established by the intracranial examination must be confirmed by the extracranial bilateral recording of the common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.
The cause of coma must be established and must be sufficient to account for a permanent loss of brain function. Other conditions such as intoxication, hypothermia, severe arterial hypotension, metabolic disorders and others have been excluded. Clinical evaluation by two experienced examiners must show no evidence of cerebral or brainstem functions. Cerebral circulatory arrest can be confirmed if certain extraand intracranial Doppler sonographic findings have been recorded and documented bilaterally on two examinations at an interval of at least 30 min. These findings are systolic spikes or oscillating flow in any cerebral artery which can be recorded by bilateral transcranial insonation for anterior circulation, or any intracranial vertebral or basilar artery which can be recorded by suboccipital insonation for the posterior circulation. The diagnosis established by the intracranial examination must be confirmed by the extracranial bilateral recording of the common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Ventricular drains or large openings of the skull like in decompressive craniectomy possibly interfering with the development of the intracranial pressure should not be present. During the examination blood pressure should be monitored, documented, and hypotension should be avoided.
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Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid arteries: utility in routine clinical practice.
Johnston DC, Eastwood JD, Nguyen T, Goldstein LB. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of carotid arteries: utility in routine clinical practice.
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Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries in a Patient with Transiеnt Ischemic Attack and Marfan-Like Habitus
Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries in a Patient with Transiеnt Ischemic Attack and Marfan-Like Habitus
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Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries
Dissection of Aorta and Both Carotid Arteries
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Bonnin P, Giannesini C, Amah G, Kevorkian JP, Woimant F, Levy BI, Doppler sonograpy with dynamic testing in a case of aortic dissection extending to the innominate and right common carotid arteries.
Bonnin P, Giannesini C, Amah G, Kevorkian JP, Woimant F, Levy BI, Doppler sonograpy with dynamic testing in a case of aortic dissection extending to the innominate and right common carotid arteries.
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6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 2 , , ,

To evaluate the changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDCC) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
To evaluate the changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDCC) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
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common carotid arteries (CCA), the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, their severity, echogenicy and stability.
common carotid arteries (CCA), the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, their severity, echogenicy and stability. A paralell magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied in 32 patients with AIDCC, 28 patients with RF for CVD and 10 healthy controls. The main quantitative parameters for evaluation of external and internal ventricle and the type of white matter changes were determined.
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7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

То evaluate the correlation between the arterial hypertension and changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDSS) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
То evaluate the correlation between the arterial hypertension and changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDSS) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
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Colour-coded duplex sonography was used to determine the extracranial blood flow velocity and the intima media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries (CCA), the
Colour-coded duplex sonography was used to determine the extracranial blood flow velocity and the intima media thickness (IMT) of common carotid arteries (CCA), the
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8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
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The blood flow velocities (BFV), the diameters (D) and the vessel wall intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries (CCA) were recorded with color duplex sonography.
The study was carried out in 16 patients with unilateral cerebral infarctions (UCI), 58 patients with risk factors (RF) for CVD and 25 healthy control subjects. The blood flow velocities (BFV), the diameters (D) and the vessel wall intima-media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid arteries (CCA) were recorded with color duplex sonography. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured and mean blood pressure (MBP) was calculated by the formula of Wiggers. Whole blood viscosity (WBV) at the shear rate of 94.5 s-1 was measured on the day of the Doppler ultrasound examination with a rotational viscometer Contraves Low shear 30. Wall shear stress (WSS), the circumferential wall tension (T) and the tensile stress (
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Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
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A case of 62-year-old woman with bilateral thrombosis of the common and internal carotid arteries determined by color-coded duplex scan of
A case of 62-year-old woman with bilateral thrombosis of the common and internal carotid arteries determined by color-coded duplex scan of
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Chronic thrombosis of the common and internal carotid arteries caused by confluent heterogenic plaques and collateral circulation through the external carotid arteries, the vertebral arteries and the posterior part of the circle of Willis were demonstrated by color-coded duplex scan.
Non-specific features and mild neurological and cognitive impairment were found by clinical examination. Modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases (arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and regular smoking) were registered. Hypertonic angiopathy with cholesterol emboli in the retinal vessels were seen by ophtalmoscopy. Chronic thrombosis of the common and internal carotid arteries caused by confluent heterogenic plaques and collateral circulation through the external carotid arteries, the vertebral arteries and the posterior part of the circle of Willis were demonstrated by color-coded duplex scan. A good correlation between the neurosonographic and angiographic findings was established. Focal leucoencephalopathy and ventriculomegaly were detected by MRI. Irregular alpha rhythm from the parietooccipital regions and mild intraocular asymmetry with relatively prolonged P 100 latency on the right side were registered electrophysiologically.
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Delayed TIAs distal to bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries – evidence for embolic and hemodynamic mechanisms.
Bogousslavsky J, Regli F. Delayed TIAs distal to bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries – evidence for embolic and hemodynamic mechanisms.
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Doppler sonograpy with dynamic testing in a case of aortic dissection extending to the innominate and right common carotid arteries.
Bonnin P, Giannesini C, Amah G, Kevorkian P, Woimante F, Levvy BI. Doppler sonograpy with dynamic testing in a case of aortic dissection extending to the innominate and right common carotid arteries.
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Complete occlusion of common or internal carotid arteries.
Dyken ML, Klatte E, Kolar OJ, Spurgeon C. Complete occlusion of common or internal carotid arteries. Clinical significance.
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9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 1 , , ,

Recanalization and Stenting of Preocclusive Stenoses and Thromboses of Carotid Arteries
Recanalization and Stenting of Preocclusive Stenoses and Thromboses of Carotid Arteries
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tient the routine neurovascular examination must include in addition an evaluation of the carotid arteries, the vertebral arteries at multiple levels, the branches of the ophthalmic arteries and the intracranial circulation.
tient the routine neurovascular examination must include in addition an evaluation of the carotid arteries, the vertebral arteries at multiple levels, the branches of the ophthalmic arteries and the intracranial circulation. Any decision based on a carotid bifurcation scan only does not meet the clinical requirements.
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Recanalization and Stenting of Preocclusive Stenoses and Thromboses of Carotid Arteries
Recanalization and Stenting of Preocclusive Stenoses and Thromboses of Carotid Arteries
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We present the results of stenting of 51 occlusions and tight stenoses of carotid arteries for 2001 – 2009.
We present the results of stenting of 51 occlusions and tight stenoses of carotid arteries for 2001 – 2009. They represent 21.9% of the total 232 carotid stenting procedures in this period 5 (9.8%) chronic carotid occlusions and 46 (90.2%) tight carotid stenoses.
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10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 2 , , ,

and internal carotid arteries and the presence, severity and stability of atherosclerotic plaques.
and internal carotid arteries and the presence, severity and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Nonmodifiable and the main modifiable risk factors for CVD were estimated. Transthoracal echocardiography was applied for assessment of cardiac function.
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11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

In world literature single cases of free-floating thrombus in carotid arteries connected mostly
One of the first known publications on FFT is by Chiari in 1905, in which postmortem intramural thrombus with length of 1.5 cm, which may cause IS to the patient was described [1]. In world literature single cases of free-floating thrombus in carotid arteries connected mostly
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Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Arteries in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Intima-Media Thickness of Carotid Arteries in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 27 patients with OSAS (mean age 55.7±1.4 years) and 27 control subjects (mean age 56.1±1.4 years), with risk facktors (RF) for cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) but not OSAS.
Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 27 patients with OSAS (mean age 55.7±1.4 years) and 27 control subjects (mean age 56.1±1.4 years), with risk facktors (RF) for cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) but not OSAS. The IMT of the common carotid arteries (CCA) was measured in B-mode at the far wall of both arteries. Furthermore, the presence of plaques and stenoses of the extracranial vessels was determined.
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The IMT of the common carotid arteries (CCA) was measured in B-mode at the far wall of both arteries.
Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 27 patients with OSAS (mean age 55.7±1.4 years) and 27 control subjects (mean age 56.1±1.4 years), with risk facktors (RF) for cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) but not OSAS. The IMT of the common carotid arteries (CCA) was measured in B-mode at the far wall of both arteries. Furthermore, the presence of plaques and stenoses of the extracranial vessels was determined.
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That fact supposes a connection between OSAS and the progression of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease [11], whose early marker is the thickening of the intima media complex of the carotid arteries [6, 8].
hemorrheologic changes which are potential promoters of stroke in patients with risk factors for CVD. Experimental studies show that the oxygen desaturation that accompanies the apnoeic episodes, can lead to degenerative changes of arterial wall. That fact supposes a connection between OSAS and the progression of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease [11], whose early marker is the thickening of the intima media complex of the carotid arteries [6, 8].
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A real time В-mode imaging is used to measure the thickness of the intima media complex of the carotid arteries (mm) by a standard method using a program for automatic value averaging.
Neurosonographic examination: The main arteries of the head are examined by a color – coded duplex sonography using а 7.5 MHz transduser Sonix SP (Canadа). A real time В-mode imaging is used to measure the thickness of the intima media complex of the carotid arteries (mm) by a standard method using a program for automatic value averaging. The rate of stenoses is determined by the morphologic method in longitudinal and
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12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

It has been proved that liquor investigation, Doppler-sonography of carotid arteries, cerebral angiography, brain computed tomography and electroencephalography do not contribute to the diagnostic work-up in the absence of clinical signs of a neurological disease.
syncope includes a thorough anamnesis, physical examination and some basic laboratory parameters. Cardio-vascular system evaluation is of paramount importance for the further diagnostic and therapeutic work-up, as well as for prognosis, and includes: 12-lead ECG, continuous ECG monitoring – in-hospital or ambulatory with Holter ECG, implantable loop-event recorders, telemonitoring, electrophysiological study, signal-averaged ECG, carotid sinus massage, echocardiography, stress ECG test, tilt-table test. It has been proved that liquor investigation, Doppler-sonography of carotid arteries, cerebral angiography, brain computed tomography and electroencephalography do not contribute to the diagnostic work-up in the absence of clinical signs of a neurological disease. Nevertheless neurological examination is warranted in case of a clinical suspicion of neurological disease, as well as when traumatic brain damage could not be ruled out. Psychiatric patients’ evaluation is appropriate in cases of multifold recurrent episodes of loss of consciousness in young adults and other co-existing nonspecific complaints.
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13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

The thickness of intima– media complex of carotid arteries was measured by B–mode imaging in real time using a standard method with programs for automatic averaging of the values.
Main head arteries were examined with Sonix SP (Canada) by color coded duplex scanning using 7.5 Hz transducer. The thickness of intima– media complex of carotid arteries was measured by B–mode imaging in real time using a standard method with programs for automatic averaging of the values. The velocity parameters of blood flow were defined by pulse Doppler sonography.
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14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

The use of imaging investigation with mapping of WSS distribution in the carotid arteries in parallel with numerical analysis could help to demonstrate the risks of embolism or plaque rupture posed by particular plaque deposits.
The obtained distribution of the WSS around the bifurcation allows a prediction of the probable sites of stenosis growth. The use of imaging investigation with mapping of WSS distribution in the carotid arteries in parallel with numerical analysis could help to demonstrate the risks of embolism or plaque rupture posed by particular plaque deposits.
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Among 70 carotid arteries that had undergone CAS at our institution, patients who were evaluated with a final 3D-CTA at two years of CAS and who subsequently underwent CDU were analyzed in this study.
Among 70 carotid arteries that had undergone CAS at our institution, patients who were evaluated with a final 3D-CTA at two years of CAS and who subsequently underwent CDU were analyzed in this study. A total of 22 vessels met the study’s inclusion criteria at the date of IRB approval (Study#1171).
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Color-coded duplex sonography was used to determine the extracranial blood flow velocity and the wall of carotid arteries.
We observed one patient 44 years old men, with multiple trauma to the neck and left leg, three months before the hospitalization, suffering from acute ischemic stroke. There were no risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. CT angiography was obtained by Spiral Scanner with reconstructions and interpretation by a radiologist. Color-coded duplex sonography was used to determine the extracranial blood flow velocity and the wall of carotid arteries.
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According to our study CT angiography of the carotid arteries and color-coded duplex sonography in cervical trauma may be used as an accurate decisive tools for a needed surgical intervention.
According to our study CT angiography of the carotid arteries and color-coded duplex sonography in cervical trauma may be used as an accurate decisive tools for a needed surgical intervention. More studies with larger number of patients and comparison with angiography and sonography are needed.
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All participants underwent Duplex scanning of internal carotid arteries, structured questionnaires, a physical and neurological examination and a battery of laboratory tests.
A total of 500 randomly selected volunteers, 200 men and 300 women, without signs or symptoms of cerebrovascular disease, aged 50-79 years, were enrolled in the study in the University town of Stara Zagora. All participants underwent Duplex scanning of internal carotid arteries, structured questionnaires, a physical and neurological examination and a battery of laboratory tests.
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The morphology of the artery wall – the thickness of the intima media complex (IMT) of the common carotid arteries (CCA), the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, their magnitude, echogenicity and stabilityare determined by a color-coded duplex sonography of the main arteries of the head.
The participants of the study are divided into 2 groups: 12 patients suffering from OSAS and asymptomatic ischemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (mean age 50.7±8.4 years), and a control group of 10 participants (mean age 50.4±8.4 years), having risk factors (RF) for cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) and asymptomatic ischemic disturbances of cerebral circulation but not OSAS. The morphology of the artery wall – the thickness of the intima media complex (IMT) of the common carotid arteries (CCA), the presence of atherosclerotic plaques, their magnitude, echogenicity and stabilityare determined by a color-coded duplex sonography of the main arteries of the head.
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Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 924 patients: 368 with RF for CVDs, 126 with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 287 with chronic unilateral infarction (CUI) and 143 with multiple infarctions.
Color duplex sonography of carotid arteries was performed in 924 patients: 368 with RF for CVDs, 126 with transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 287 with chronic unilateral infarction (CUI) and 143 with multiple infarctions. The intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries was measured by B-mode and M-mode scanning. Nonmodifiable (age and sex) and some modifiable (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation or other cardiac conditions, dyslipidemia, carotid artery stenoses and obesity) RF for CVDs were evaluated. In 67 subjects with RF, 57 patients with CVDs (31 with TIAs and 26 with CUI) and 16 healthy volunteers correlative clinical, neurosonographic and echocardiographic investigations were performed.
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Color duplex sonography of both carotid arteries was performed in transverse and longitudinal planes and intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries was measured.
Exercise stress-test (EST) and echocardiography were performed in 503 patients (mean age 54±17 years) with symptoms for CVD in two cardiological centers. Based on EST the patients were classified in three groups with positive, negative or questionable results. Color duplex sonography of both carotid arteries was performed in transverse and longitudinal planes and intima media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid (CCA) and internal carotid (ICA) arteries was measured. No modifiable (age and sex) and some modifiable (hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, carotid stenosis, obesity, hemorheological variables – leucocytes (Leuc) hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), FR for CVD were evaluated. The pts with positive EST were on PTCA undergone and pts with questionable EST the decision for PTCA was taken after severity of carotid pathology and clinical exam.
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All the patients underwent ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries.The statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0 (SPSS) and Statgraphics plus 4.1 for
We examined 88 patients with sICH admitted to the Neurology clinic of UMHAT “Dr Georgi Stranski”, Pleven within 48 hours after the symptoms onset. The neurological deficit was assessed by the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission. Clinical outcome on the 30-th day of sICH was evaluated by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Hemorrhage volume was measured on computed tomography (CT) by a simplified formula for the volume of an ellipsoid, (AxBxC)/2. All the patients underwent ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries.The statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0 (SPSS) and Statgraphics plus 4.1 for
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By duplex ultrasound, common, internal and external carotid arteries were examined and the degree of stenosis was graded by five groups; < 50%, >50% and < 75%, >75% and
A total of 26 patients were included during that period. By duplex ultrasound, common, internal and external carotid arteries were examined and the degree of stenosis was graded by five groups; < 50%, >50% and < 75%, >75% and
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5 patients among 26 patients showed changes in the stenosis degree of ipsilateral adjacent carotid and another 5 patients showed changes in the stenosis degree of contralateral adjacent carotid arteries.
< 95% stenosis, subtotal occlusion and occlusion. Average follow-up period between before and after stenting was 18 months. 16 patients among 26 patients showed no change of adjacent carotid stenosis degrees between before and after stenting. 5 patients among 26 patients showed changes in the stenosis degree of ipsilateral adjacent carotid and another 5 patients showed changes in the stenosis degree of contralateral adjacent carotid arteries.
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Between before and after carotid stenting, the flow of adjacent carotid arteries were changed in patients of
Between before and after carotid stenting, the flow of adjacent carotid arteries were changed in patients of
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15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) – carotid arteries
Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) – carotid arteries
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Noninvasive assessment of morphology and hemodynamics of carotid arteries.
Noninvasive assessment of morphology and hemodynamics of carotid arteries.
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When comparing the parallel investigation of the VMR with PET and TCD however, coincidence of the results in only half of the patients with symptomatic occlusions of the internal carotid arteries was found [24].
(PET), single photon emission comuterized tomography (SPECT). These investigations are more expensive, they are associated with radiation and often reveal variable results. During the last years different magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for examination of the cerebral VMR: blood oxygen level dependent MRI (BOLD MRI) with estimation of the cerebral oxygenation, arterial spin labeling MRI (ASL – MRI) with estimation of the arterial blood flow [19] and quantitative MRI angiography [3] have been used. BOLD MPI gives possibility for cerebral VMR mapping and for evaluation of its regional heterogeneity. Comparative studies have shown good correlations between the results of the MRI and TCD tests when examining the cerebral VMR in one and the same patient. When comparing the parallel investigation of the VMR with PET and TCD however, coincidence of the results in only half of the patients with symptomatic occlusions of the internal carotid arteries was found [24].
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The basic clinical application of the tests for estimation of the cerebral VMR is in carotid pathology – stenoses or thromboses of the internal carotid arteries.
The basic clinical application of the tests for estimation of the cerebral VMR is in carotid pathology – stenoses or thromboses of the internal carotid arteries. Meta-analyses of prospective studies in a great number of patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic high-grade carotid stenosis or occlusion and decreased VMR have shown significantly increased risk of stroke or transient ischemic attacks [12, 17, 21]. The impaired VMR is associated with risk of mortality, cardiovascular or noncardiovascular, regardless of the presence or absence of stroke. In these cases the VMR is discussed to reflect the existence of systemic vascular damage [25]. A prospective study with evaluation of the VMR on admission and after 6 months in patients with acute stroke and symptomatic intracranial or extracranial stenosis shows better VMR values from the ipsilateral hemisphere in the patients with extracranial than with intractranial stenosis. The VMR measures from admission correlated positively with the Barthel index on the 6th month [29].
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

Data were collected on vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking), as well as on the possible association between right-to-left cardiac shunt with changes in the carotid arteries (carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), the presence of carotid plaque) and the presence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
We conducted a retrospective review of de-identified reports from 58 patients with positive TCD that were subsequently subjected to c-TEE examination. Data were collected on vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking), as well as on the possible association between right-to-left cardiac shunt with changes in the carotid arteries (carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), the presence of carotid plaque) and the presence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
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Ultrasound findings of the carotid arteries were recorded (intima-media complex thickness
Ultrasound findings of the carotid arteries were recorded (intima-media complex thickness
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(7.3%). In the left carotid arteries, plaques were not registered in 46 patients (83.7%), diameter stenosis to 30 % was registered in 8 (14.5%) and diameter stenosis between 30% and 50% in 1 patient (1.8%).
(7.3%). In the left carotid arteries, plaques were not registered in 46 patients (83.7%), diameter stenosis to 30 % was registered in 8 (14.5%) and diameter stenosis between 30% and 50% in 1 patient (1.8%). Carotid plaques over 50% were not registered in any of the patients. Presence of unstable plaques was also not registered.
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With regard to this fact, the results could be explained by the fact that pronounced thickening of IMC in the carotid arteries attributes to a more pronounced and diffuse atherosclerotic process that leads to certain hemodynamic changes in cerebral circulation, even in the absence of high-grade carotid stenosis (most of our subjects had a diameter stenosis of the carotid artery up to 50%).
A positive correlation between IMC thickness and time of MES appearance in the cerebral arteries was also observed. Some studies have shown that in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke, IMC thickness positively correlates with the degree of systemic atherosclerosis development, and IMC thickness > 0.78mm is considered indicative of the search for cardiovascular sources of embolus as causes of ischemic stroke [9]. With regard to this fact, the results could be explained by the fact that pronounced thickening of IMC in the carotid arteries attributes to a more pronounced and diffuse atherosclerotic process that leads to certain hemodynamic changes in cerebral circulation, even in the absence of high-grade carotid stenosis (most of our subjects had a diameter stenosis of the carotid artery up to 50%).
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Doppler ultrasound of carotid arteries was normal.
Two years ago he suffered anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction, with primary PCI: PTCA/stent on proximal LAD. The patient was on two antihypertensive medications, a statin, a beta-blocker and antiplatelet therapy (Clopidogrel) 75mg/day. The patient was not a candidate for tPa because of the inability to determine the time of onset of symptoms. At admission, his blood pressure was 140/90 mmHg, regular heart rate of 95/min, central right facial palsy, aphasia with right-sided hemiplegia. Initial brain CT showed a small post-ischemic zone in the left parietal lobe. Doppler ultrasound of carotid arteries was normal. A repeated CT brain after 48 hours showed a large left middle cerebral artery infarction with focal areas of hemorrhagic transformation. Echocardiography revealed a septoapical aneurysm with akinetic walls, a mobile thrombus in the apical region and thrombi in the left ventricle. Brain MRI confirmed the CT scan finding. Multidisciplinary team of a neurologist, cardiologist and transfusiologist discussed over the decision whether to use anticoagulant therapy.
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To assess the dynamics of CA in patients with stenosis and thrombosis of the carotid arteries in perioperative period.
To assess the dynamics of CA in patients with stenosis and thrombosis of the carotid arteries in perioperative period.
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Thirty-nine patients (27 men and 12 women) with atherosclerotic stenosis or thrombosis of carotid arteries aged 48-78 years were studied.
Thirty-nine patients (27 men and 12 women) with atherosclerotic stenosis or thrombosis of carotid arteries aged 48-78 years were studied. Critical stenosis was revealed in 28 patients. Severe stenosis was found in 5 patients, thrombosis – in 6. Fourteen patients had a history of stroke, 25 were always asymptomatic. Stenting of the carotid artery was performed in 16 patients, carotid endartherectomy – in 17, upper cervical sympathectomy – in 4, extra-intracranial arterial bypass
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The structures of the flow around the bifurcation from the CCA to the internal and external carotid arteries are obtained considering characteristic time points for one pulse wave period.
The numerical results of the blood flow in the CCA bifurcation give a detailed picture of the axial and radial velocity distribution and presented as velocity and vorticity magnitudes. The structures of the flow around the bifurcation from the CCA to the internal and external carotid arteries are obtained considering characteristic time points for one pulse wave period. The axial velocity distribution and wall shear stress distribution and contours are presented.
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More specifically, it was observed that the appearance of stenotic regions upstream the bifurcation affect both the velocity and vorticity characteristics, whereas a stenosis on the apex of the bifurcation seems to have a small effect on the vorticity characteristics downstream the flow in the external and internal carotid arteries.
The obtained velocity and WSS distribution around the bifurcation allow a prediction of the probable sites of stenosis growth. More specifically, it was observed that the appearance of stenotic regions upstream the bifurcation affect both the velocity and vorticity characteristics, whereas a stenosis on the apex of the bifurcation seems to have a small effect on the vorticity characteristics downstream the flow in the external and internal carotid arteries.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 1 , , ,

Multimodal neuro-ophthalmosonology found a slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and their ratio, drusen near both optic discs and increased intima-media thickness of the two bifurcations of the carotid arteries, normal B-flow imaging of ophthalmic and central retinal artery (fig. 4).
Multimodal neuro-ophthalmosonology found a slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and their ratio, drusen near both optic discs and increased intima-media thickness of the two bifurcations of the carotid arteries, normal B-flow imaging of ophthalmic and central retinal artery (fig. 4).
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18. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 2 , , ,

Dolichoectasia of the vertebral basilar and internal carotid arteries: A case report and literature review.
Yuh SJ, Alkherayf F, Lesiuk H. Dolichoectasia of the vertebral basilar and internal carotid arteries: A case report and literature review.
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19. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 1 , , ,

An experienced sonographer obtained images of the far wall of both common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bulbs according to the Mannheim common carotid IMT consensus [17].
Carotid ultrasound assessments were conducted using a commercially available linear array transducer (8.0 MHz linear probe, Acuson Antares Premium Edition C 512, Siemens). An experienced sonographer obtained images of the far wall of both common carotid arteries (CCA) and carotid bulbs according to the Mannheim common carotid IMT consensus [17]. On both sides CCA IMT was measured at three different points and the average value of CCA IMT was considered to be diagnostic. Thickness greater than 0.9 mm was considered to be increased CCA IMT.
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Carotid arteries ultrasound for predicting coronary artery disease.
S, Bornstein NM. Carotid arteries ultrasound for predicting coronary artery disease.
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20. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 1 , , ,

Carotid arteries were normal (Fig. 1).
Vascular surgeon suggested CT angiography (CTA) as a further diagnostic procedure. On 3/2013 the patient underwent CTA, mostly confirming the previous findings of arteria thyroidea ima AVF with bisacular aneurysm. Due to contrast artifacts and protocol procedure, the venous structures and low orifice of ATI were not precisely demonstrated at CTA. CTA confirmed AVF next to the pseudoaneurysm. The PSAN was closely related to the right common carotid artery (CCA), but with no communication. Carotid arteries were normal (Fig. 1). Neither hematoma nor other complications were detected on CT.
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In the group of bilateral dissection persistent stenoocclusive findings were observed in 2 of 8 patients, and one patient was operated due to persistent stenosis of both carotid arteries.
Recanalization was observed in most patients in the group of ICA dissection (Table 1). Although the group of vertebral dissection was small and one patient was lost during the follow up, recanalization was not observed during a 3-month follow up. In the group of bilateral dissection persistent stenoocclusive findings were observed in 2 of 8 patients, and one patient was operated due to persistent stenosis of both carotid arteries. In 3 of 8 patients recanalization of both arteries was observed, in 2 of 8 patients recanalization was at least partial, in 1 patient additional pseudoaneurysm was observed and didn't change with time.
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atherosclerosis, carotid arteries, elasticity,
atherosclerosis, carotid arteries, elasticity,
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Shortly before and during the measurement of the carotid arteries diameter, the blood pressure was also measured on the upper arm side that corresponded to the test of the current carotid artery.
media area of close and far arterial wall was performed in maximum systolic expansion of the artery and minimal lumen width during the relaxation of the artery at the end of diastole [1]. It was performed 4 or 5 times on each artery, with the maximum magnification, along with the examination of previously recorded and stored images over 3 to 5 cardiac cycles [17]. The results of the measuring of the maximum and minimum diameter were an average of two maximal systolic and two minimal diastolic lumen diameters. Shortly before and during the measurement of the carotid arteries diameter, the blood pressure was also measured on the upper arm side that corresponded to the test of the current carotid artery. The measurement was carried out by automatic electronic sphygmomanometer (Omron M6 Comfort, Kyoto, Japan), which was validated according to the international protocol of the European Society of Hypertension [2, 4]. The conversion factor of the measured blood pressure from mmHg to kPa is 0.13.
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The statistics of the ROC curve of the functional ultrasound tests of the carotid arteries with subclinical atherosclerosis prediction.
The statistics of the ROC curve of the functional ultrasound tests of the carotid arteries with subclinical atherosclerosis prediction.
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Age is one of the most important factors in comparison of functional ultrasound tests of carotid arteries of groups with different CVRF.
Age is one of the most important factors in comparison of functional ultrasound tests of carotid arteries of groups with different CVRF. Several authors have reported the positive correlation of arterial stiffness and aging in their research [10, 14, 22]. Our findings indicating positive correlation of
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are better predictors of early arteriosclerotic changes in carotid arteries compared to CC and especially YEM.
are better predictors of early arteriosclerotic changes in carotid arteries compared to CC and especially YEM. Furthermore, they provide more reliable data for discriminating between the subjects with and without subclinical atherosclerosis.
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The potential limitation of our study is the inability to automatically measure the oscillation of carotid arteries’ lumen width due to technical malfunction of necessary appliances.
The potential limitation of our study is the inability to automatically measure the oscillation of carotid arteries’ lumen width due to technical malfunction of necessary appliances. The researchers’ experience, a standardized measurement approach in B-mode and previous
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21. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 2 , , ,

The patient was afterwards referred for a carotid color Doppler flow imaging which showed a normal lumen in both common, internal and external carotid arteries with slightly thickened carotid artery walls and small marginal plaques.
. The patient was subsequently referred for a neck ultrasound, which revealed a hypoechoic mass in the carotid bulb of the left internal carotid artery, situated superficially and slightly lateral. The cross-sectional image revealed a fusiform appearance of the mass. Differential diagnosis included tumor of the carotid glomus or, less likely, an atherosclerotic plaque. The patient was afterwards referred for a carotid color Doppler flow imaging which showed a normal lumen in both common, internal and external carotid arteries with slightly thickened carotid artery walls and small marginal plaques. A hypoechoic mass corresponding primarily to a subintimal (mural) hematoma 6.3x24.2mm in size was found in the enlarged left carotid bulb (Figure 3). Hemodynamics were normal, with a physiological flow direction, with no hemodynamically significant stenosis. The morphology and hemodynamics of the vertebral arteries were normal. Several
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Effects of neck radiation therapy on extracranial carotid arteries atherosclerosis disease prevalence: Systematic review and a meta-analysis.
1. Bashar K, Healy D, Clarke-Moloney M, Burke P, Kavanagh E, Walsh SR. Effects of neck radiation therapy on extracranial carotid arteries atherosclerosis disease prevalence: Systematic review and a meta-analysis.
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The most common secondary collateral pathway is formed by the periorbital vessels that connect the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries.
the circle of Willis. These communicating arteries are very important since they function immediately according to the pressure gradients. In contrast with the primary collaterals, development of secondary collateral circulation takes time. The most common secondary collateral pathway is formed by the periorbital vessels that connect the branches of the external and internal carotid arteries.
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FIB and WBV exerted the greatest influence on the sonographic parameters of the CCA and internal carotid arteries.
FIB and WBV exerted the greatest influence on the sonographic parameters of the CCA and internal carotid arteries. They correlated well with the Ds, BFV and velocity asymmetry ratios. Stable positive correlations of WBV with IMT and the carotid stiffness indices were found. Significant relationship of HT with the changes of the cerebral VMR was observed. The decrease of WSS and the increase of TS is related to increase of IMT in the CCA.
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The anklebrachial index (ABI), intima-media thickness (IMT), the presence of a plaque/stenosis of the carotid arteries were measured by color coded duplex sonography.
25 patients, 13 men and 12 women with Degenerative Aortic Stenosis (AS) were studied. They were hospitalized in the Cardiology Clinic and in the Vascular Surgery Clinic of the “Heart and Brain” Hospital in Pleven for the period of May-July 2018. They were interviewed for history of accompanying CAD, cerebrovascular disease and PAD. The anklebrachial index (ABI), intima-media thickness (IMT), the presence of a plaque/stenosis of the carotid arteries were measured by color coded duplex sonography. A selective coronary angiography was performed on 16 of them, and a CT peripheral arteriography – on 8.
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22. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 15, 2019, No. 1 , , ,

We present a rare case of a patient with bilateral aneurysms and stenoses of the carotid arteries, diagnosed with computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance tomography.
Takayasu arteritis is an inflammatory disease involving the aorta and its branches, pulmonary and coronary arteries. The inflammation of the vascular wall often leads to concentric thickening, development of fibrosis and formation of thrombi. Vessels involved in the process are remodeled, stenotic or dilated up to formation of aneurysms. We present a rare case of a patient with bilateral aneurysms and stenoses of the carotid arteries, diagnosed with computed tomography angiography and magnetic resonance tomography. We discuss the potential of different imaging methods in the assessment of changes in the vascular wall in patients with Takayasu arteritis.
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The ultrasound diagnostics (USD) of main cervical vessels depicts bilateral aneurysms of the common carotid arteries with peripheral thromboses.
cranial nerves, and arterial hypertension 200/110 mmHg. The CT scan of the brain shows extensive infarct in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. Laboratory tests on admission show a mild normocytic normochromic anemia without any other significant abnormalities in blood count. The ultrasound diagnostics (USD) of main cervical vessels depicts bilateral aneurysms of the common carotid arteries with peripheral thromboses. The internal carotid arteries are poorly traceable, and the patient is referred for CTA.
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The internal carotid arteries are poorly traceable, and the patient is referred for CTA.
cranial nerves, and arterial hypertension 200/110 mmHg. The CT scan of the brain shows extensive infarct in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery. Laboratory tests on admission show a mild normocytic normochromic anemia without any other significant abnormalities in blood count. The ultrasound diagnostics (USD) of main cervical vessels depicts bilateral aneurysms of the common carotid arteries with peripheral thromboses. The internal carotid arteries are poorly traceable, and the patient is referred for CTA.
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The CTA of the main neck vessels, performed on a 64 Slices Toshiba Aquilion machine displays bilateral aneurysms of the common carotid arteries along their entire length, with asymmetric circular thromboses in their upper halves.
The CTA of the main neck vessels, performed on a 64 Slices Toshiba Aquilion machine displays bilateral aneurysms of the common carotid arteries along their entire length, with asymmetric circular thromboses in their upper halves. High-grade short segment stenoses of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries in their proximal segments are seen. Distally the internal carotid and vertebral arteries are patent, without significant stenoses and dilatations up to the level of the circle of Willis. Thickening of the wall of the thoracic aorta at the level of the arc is found as well (Fig. 1).
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The patient is referred for MRT of the carotid arteries in order to make a detailed characterization of vascular wall changes.
The patient is referred for MRT of the carotid arteries in order to make a detailed characterization of vascular wall changes. The examination is performed on 1.5T machine (Avanto, Siemens Erlangen). A standard protocol for evaluation of carotid vessels is used which includes high resolution morphological T1, T2, PD images with fat and flowing blood signal suppression ("double inversion" images), non-contrast MR angiography of cervical and intracranial arterial vessels (TOF), dynamic contrast enhanced MR angiography (TWIST) and late post-contrast T1 images.
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and intravascular analysis of the carotid arteries (В – right, С – left).
and intravascular analysis of the carotid arteries (В – right, С – left). Bilateral aneurysms involving the common carotid arteries along their entire length
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Bilateral aneurysms involving the common carotid arteries along their entire length
and intravascular analysis of the carotid arteries (В – right, С – left). Bilateral aneurysms involving the common carotid arteries along their entire length
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. The intravascular analysis shows thickening of the wall of the aortic arch and the walls of the common carotid arteries with peripheral thrombosis in the aneurysms and a stenotic proximal segment of the right internal carotid artery
. The intravascular analysis shows thickening of the wall of the aortic arch and the walls of the common carotid arteries with peripheral thrombosis in the aneurysms and a stenotic proximal segment of the right internal carotid artery
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On the dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography an asynchronous, delayed at the left, filling of the carotid arteries is observed (Fig. 4).
of inflammation) (Fig. 2). Identical changes in the vascular wall were also found along the course of the thoracic and suprarenal abdominal aorta. The thoracic aorta is dilated to a varying degree along its entire course with a maximal dilatation in the thoraco-abdominal segment (Fig. 3). The dimensions and extent of the thrombosis of carotid aneurysms are identical to those depicted by the CTA (Fig. 3). On the dynamic contrast-enhanced MR angiography an asynchronous, delayed at the left, filling of the carotid arteries is observed (Fig. 4). The findings correspond to panvasculitis with involvement of the aorta, including the aortic arc and its branches and formation of aneurysms and segmental stenoses, probably
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The internal and external carotid arteries on the left are patent, poorly filled, the external carotid artery fills retrogradely from the contralateral external carotid artery and supplies the internal carotid artery at the left
, which depicts also a thickened wall of the proximal segment of common carotid artery. The internal and external carotid arteries on the left are patent, poorly filled, the external carotid artery fills retrogradely from the contralateral external carotid artery and supplies the internal carotid artery at the left
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Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries can be due to atherosclerosis, traumatic injury, local infection or complication after carotid endarterectomy.
Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries can be due to atherosclerosis, traumatic injury, local infection or complication after carotid endarterectomy. These aneurysms are extremely rare, compared with atherosclerotic occlusive disease with the same localization and with aneurysms of the intracranial carotid arteries and their branches, their incidence being between 0.8% and 18% [6, 17]. The exact frequency of aneurysms of the extracerebral carotid arteries is unknown and their treatment accounts for 1% to 1.5% of all procedures for extracranial cerebrovascular disease in major reference centers. The true frequency of extracranial carotid aneurysms is actually less than 1% of all carotid diseases [6, 12, 17].
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These aneurysms are extremely rare, compared with atherosclerotic occlusive disease with the same localization and with aneurysms of the intracranial carotid arteries and their branches, their incidence being between 0.8% and 18% [6, 17].
Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries can be due to atherosclerosis, traumatic injury, local infection or complication after carotid endarterectomy. These aneurysms are extremely rare, compared with atherosclerotic occlusive disease with the same localization and with aneurysms of the intracranial carotid arteries and their branches, their incidence being between 0.8% and 18% [6, 17]. The exact frequency of aneurysms of the extracerebral carotid arteries is unknown and their treatment accounts for 1% to 1.5% of all procedures for extracranial cerebrovascular disease in major reference centers. The true frequency of extracranial carotid aneurysms is actually less than 1% of all carotid diseases [6, 12, 17].
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The exact frequency of aneurysms of the extracerebral carotid arteries is unknown and their treatment accounts for 1% to 1.5% of all procedures for extracranial cerebrovascular disease in major reference centers.
Aneurysms of the extracranial carotid arteries can be due to atherosclerosis, traumatic injury, local infection or complication after carotid endarterectomy. These aneurysms are extremely rare, compared with atherosclerotic occlusive disease with the same localization and with aneurysms of the intracranial carotid arteries and their branches, their incidence being between 0.8% and 18% [6, 17]. The exact frequency of aneurysms of the extracerebral carotid arteries is unknown and their treatment accounts for 1% to 1.5% of all procedures for extracranial cerebrovascular disease in major reference centers. The true frequency of extracranial carotid aneurysms is actually less than 1% of all carotid diseases [6, 12, 17].
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In our case, the patient was referred to CTA to assess the aneurysms of the carotid arteries and therefore the full protocol was not used and the changes in the vascular wall were not characterized in detail.
Computed tomography allows a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging of the aorta and its branches and provides information about the changes in the vascular wall [15]. The examination protocol in cases of suspected Takayasu disease should not be limited only to the CTA but should also include a native and venous phase scan. The pre-contrast CT images in cases of Takayasu disease may show an increased density of the vascular wall; in up to 27% of the cases, fine transmural calcifications [4] are also found. In the venous phase a so-called "double ring" enhancement could be observed due to edema of the intima and active inflammation in the media and adventitia [4, 8]. In our case, the patient was referred to CTA to assess the aneurysms of the carotid arteries and therefore the full protocol was not used and the changes in the vascular wall were not characterized in detail. However, the diffuse thickening of the wall of the common carotid arteries, the proximal segments of the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arc suggest a systemic vascular inflammatory disease.
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However, the diffuse thickening of the wall of the common carotid arteries, the proximal segments of the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arc suggest a systemic vascular inflammatory disease.
Computed tomography allows a non-invasive and high-resolution imaging of the aorta and its branches and provides information about the changes in the vascular wall [15]. The examination protocol in cases of suspected Takayasu disease should not be limited only to the CTA but should also include a native and venous phase scan. The pre-contrast CT images in cases of Takayasu disease may show an increased density of the vascular wall; in up to 27% of the cases, fine transmural calcifications [4] are also found. In the venous phase a so-called "double ring" enhancement could be observed due to edema of the intima and active inflammation in the media and adventitia [4, 8]. In our case, the patient was referred to CTA to assess the aneurysms of the carotid arteries and therefore the full protocol was not used and the changes in the vascular wall were not characterized in detail. However, the diffuse thickening of the wall of the common carotid arteries, the proximal segments of the internal carotid arteries and the aortic arc suggest a systemic vascular inflammatory disease.
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Ultrasonographic studies in patients with diabetes mellitus reveal thickening of intimamedia complex of the carotid arteries, increased vascular resistance and different degrees of atherosclerotic plaques, more pronounced in type 2 diabetes mellitus [29, 30].
Ultrasonographic studies in patients with diabetes mellitus reveal thickening of intimamedia complex of the carotid arteries, increased vascular resistance and different degrees of atherosclerotic plaques, more pronounced in type 2 diabetes mellitus [29, 30]. Similar changes are also reported in individuals with different carbohydrate disorders.
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The blood glucose levels during OGTT and their maximal deviations correlate with the IMT of carotid arteries (assessed with ultrasound methods) more than fasting blood sugar [28].
carbohydrate disorders [1] when the other results are still normal. Some authors use the glucose challenge test with glucose measuring at the first hour after 50 g of glucose intake for screening. For this test no fasting is needed [7] and it is more flexible for assessment of large, not prepared groups. The blood glucose levels during OGTT and their maximal deviations correlate with the IMT of carotid arteries (assessed with ultrasound methods) more than fasting blood sugar [28]. OGTT has eightfold higher diagnostic value for carbohydrate impairments than using fasting plasma glucose alone [20]. Oral glucose tolerance test needs to be performed in special conditions (after an 8-10 hour fasting period, with appropriate diet the last tree days with not consuming less than 150 g of carbohydrates). It is difficult to be widely used: it is time consuming, educated nurse or doctor and equipped laboratories are needed, which makes it too expensive.
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