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23 results of 4 texts with exact phrase : 'cerebral veins'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

It allows multiple investigation, follow up and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy in patients with various brain diseases cerebral infarctions, intracerebral haematomas, cerebral oedema, stenoses and aneurysms of the basal cerebral arteries, arterio-venous malformations, thrombosis of cerebral veins, brain tumors and some neurodegenerative diseases.
Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography is a relatively new non-invasive method for imaging both the intracranial circulation and the parenchymal structures of the brain. It allows multiple investigation, follow up and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy in patients with various brain diseases cerebral infarctions, intracerebral haematomas, cerebral oedema, stenoses and aneurysms of the basal cerebral arteries, arterio-venous malformations, thrombosis of cerebral veins, brain tumors and some neurodegenerative diseases. The article summarises the update knowledge concerning the clinical application of this method in neurology.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

cerebral sinuses, cerebral veins, cerebral venous thrombosis,
cerebral sinuses, cerebral veins, cerebral venous thrombosis,
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The technique of examination, criteria of identification, normal velocity parameters, and sources of diagnostic errors are described concerning some of the main cerebral veins and dural sinuses, such as the deep middle cerebral vein, basal vein of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, straight sinus, transverse sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, and internal jugular vein.
The current review is dedicated to the modern possibilities of ultrasound diagnostics for evaluation of the normal and pathologic intracranial venous circulation by means of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCDS). The technique of examination, criteria of identification, normal velocity parameters, and sources of diagnostic errors are described concerning some of the main cerebral veins and dural sinuses, such as the deep middle cerebral vein, basal vein of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, straight sinus, transverse sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, and internal jugular vein. The main indications for clinical applications of TCDS in patients with cerebral venous thromboses are pointed out, as well as their sonographic identification and diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic value and perspectives in applying TCDS for different cerebral venous pathological conditions in neurology are summarized.
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Transtemporal powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
nner F, Arnold M, Mьri RM. Transtemporal powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
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Cerebral Veins.
Hennerici M. Cerebral Veins. In: Hennerici M (Ed) Vascular diagnosis with ultrasound. Clinical reference with case studies. Thieme Stutgart, New York 2006, 139-148.
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The cerebral veins.
Rhoton AL. The cerebral veins.
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Transcranial ultrasonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
Schreiber SJ, Stolz E, Valdueza JM. Transcranial ultrasonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
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Cerebral Veins and Sinuses.
Stolz E. Cerebral Veins and Sinuses. In: Baumgartner RW. Editor, Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound. S Karger AG. Basel, 2006, 182-193.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza JM, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhдupl KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

Thromboses of cerebral veins and dural sinuses are very rare comparing to arterial lesions.
Thromboses of cerebral veins and dural sinuses are very rare comparing to arterial lesions. In 70 % of the cases, the thrombosis is in sinus sagittalis superior and sinus transversus, in 30 % the involvement is combined – sinuses, cortical and cerebellar veins.
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Thromboses of cerebral veins and dural sinuses are primary idiopathic and secondary and represent a differential diagnostic problem.
Thromboses of cerebral veins and dural sinuses are primary idiopathic and secondary and represent a differential diagnostic problem. Secondary aseptic thromboses appear in connnective tissue disorders, during pregnancy, after birth, using birth-control drugs, blood diseases (different coagulopathies, polycythemia, leukemia and others), opened or closed head injuries, dehydration, antithrombin III deficiency, protein C, antiphospholipid syndrome and others.
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powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
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The cerebral veins.
Rhoton AL. The cerebral veins.
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Cerebral veins and sinuses.
Stolz E. Cerebral veins and sinuses. Handbook on neurovascular ultrasound. S. Karger AG. Basel, 2006, 182-193.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza J, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhdupl K. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 1 , , ,

In 1947, Putnam, believing that thrombosis of the cerebral veins was a common finding in MS patients published preliminary results of treatment using dicoumarin in MS patients after experiments using induced sinus thrombosis in primates [50].
He coined the term “CCSVI” (chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency) in analogy to perivenous inflammation in chronic venous insufficiency of the legs. While Zamboni’s approach does not challenge the commonly accepted understanding of MS immunopathology [37], it does relegate it to the final stage in the disease cascade. According to the “CCSVI” concept, MS pathology starts with intracranial venous stasis based on a proximal obstruction of the main cervical and/or thoracic veins. This leads to perivenous diapedesis of erythrocytes in the white matter with subsequent release of iron, the actual catalyst of the widely known and accepted immune cascade [37]. The theory of venous outflow changes reaches back to the times of Charcot, who in 1868 provided an early histopathological description of perivenous inflammation in MS [16]. In 1947, Putnam, believing that thrombosis of the cerebral veins was a common finding in MS patients published preliminary results of treatment using dicoumarin in MS patients after experiments using induced sinus thrombosis in primates [50]. However, his findings have not been validated or revisited since this time. In 1986, Schelling posed the hypothesis that venous intracranial or intraspinal reflux plays a significant role in the development of MS [53]. Subsequently, Zamboni and colleagues published several studies which were meant to support the “CCSVI” hypothesis [67,69,70]. They applied catheter angiographies in order to demonstrate various extracranial venous outflow obstructions in the internal jugular veins (IJVs) or azygos veins (AVs) [66], and re-
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The study was limited to the intracranial circulation, and provided the first description of an intracranial venous reflux in the deep cerebral veins defined by a retrograde flow of at least 0.5 s [69].
In 2007, Zamboni published the first US study investigating the relationship between impaired drainage and MS. The study was limited to the intracranial circulation, and provided the first description of an intracranial venous reflux in the deep cerebral veins defined by a retrograde flow of at least 0.5 s [69]. Two years later, he published a combined extra-and intracranial US study, postulating four other criteria indicating impaired venous drainage, above the intracranial venous reflux which would later become his second “CCSVI” criterion [67]. He specified the
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In this study, referring to intracranial veins, for which normal flow velocities and detection rates had been published in the past, is written in the methods section: “using the trans-temporal acoustic bone window, we insonated at least one of the deep middle cerebral veins (dMCVs), including basal veins of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, and internal cerebral veins, according to criteria previously described (Valdueza et al., 1996; Stolz et al., 1999; Zipper et al.
Zamboni introduced the criterion of intracranial reflux in 2007 and has not changed it afterwards. He defines intracranial reflux as a retrograde flow within the inner venous system of more than 0.5 s [69]. In this study, referring to intracranial veins, for which normal flow velocities and detection rates had been published in the past, is written in the methods section: “using the trans-temporal acoustic bone window, we insonated at least one of the deep middle cerebral veins (dMCVs), including basal veins of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, and internal cerebral veins, according to criteria previously described (Valdueza et al., 1996; Stolz et al., 1999; Zipper et al. 2002)“ [56, 60, 72]. However, none of these veins are presented in the figures. Instead he shows color-coded duplex signals of undefined vessels located in the white matter around the 3rd ventricle, that are simply designated as orthograde and thus normal if blue-coded and as retrograde and thus pathological if red-coded. The terminology used in the study is ambiguous. For instance, Zamboni refers to a group of veins as the “deep middle cerebral veins”, but presumably means the “deep cerebral veins”.
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For instance, Zamboni refers to a group of veins as the “deep middle cerebral veins”, but presumably means the “deep cerebral veins”.
In this study, referring to intracranial veins, for which normal flow velocities and detection rates had been published in the past, is written in the methods section: “using the trans-temporal acoustic bone window, we insonated at least one of the deep middle cerebral veins (dMCVs), including basal veins of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, and internal cerebral veins, according to criteria previously described (Valdueza et al., 1996; Stolz et al., 1999; Zipper et al. 2002)“ [56, 60, 72]. However, none of these veins are presented in the figures. Instead he shows color-coded duplex signals of undefined vessels located in the white matter around the 3rd ventricle, that are simply designated as orthograde and thus normal if blue-coded and as retrograde and thus pathological if red-coded. The terminology used in the study is ambiguous. For instance, Zamboni refers to a group of veins as the “deep middle cerebral veins”, but presumably means the “deep cerebral veins”. The deep middle cerebral vein (DMCV) is a clearly distinguishable vein that runs parallel to the middle cerebral artery and generally flows into the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR) [31]. In 2009, they again published a misleading image of an intracranial vein [67]. While the internal venous system, comprising the DMCV, the BVR, the internal cerebral vein (ICV), the vein of Galen (VG) and straight sinus (SS), is now correctly designated as the deep cerebral veins (DCVs), figure 2 of the paper presents a vein in the subcortical grey matter without any further identifying details. As the vein in the figure is coded red, Zamboni diagnoses venous reflux. A corresponding figure of a physiologic finding, which should in this case be coded blue, is not shown, although it is referred to in the figure legend.
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While the internal venous system, comprising the DMCV, the BVR, the internal cerebral vein (ICV), the vein of Galen (VG) and straight sinus (SS), is now correctly designated as the deep cerebral veins (DCVs), figure 2 of the paper presents a vein in the subcortical grey matter without any further identifying details.
Instead he shows color-coded duplex signals of undefined vessels located in the white matter around the 3rd ventricle, that are simply designated as orthograde and thus normal if blue-coded and as retrograde and thus pathological if red-coded. The terminology used in the study is ambiguous. For instance, Zamboni refers to a group of veins as the “deep middle cerebral veins”, but presumably means the “deep cerebral veins”. The deep middle cerebral vein (DMCV) is a clearly distinguishable vein that runs parallel to the middle cerebral artery and generally flows into the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR) [31]. In 2009, they again published a misleading image of an intracranial vein [67]. While the internal venous system, comprising the DMCV, the BVR, the internal cerebral vein (ICV), the vein of Galen (VG) and straight sinus (SS), is now correctly designated as the deep cerebral veins (DCVs), figure 2 of the paper presents a vein in the subcortical grey matter without any further identifying details. As the vein in the figure is coded red, Zamboni diagnoses venous reflux. A corresponding figure of a physiologic finding, which should in this case be coded blue, is not shown, although it is referred to in the figure legend. Another point of criticism is that a Doppler spectrum of a venous vessel is not shown although the methods section states that the flow spectra and velocities in the DCVs were measured. The Doppler spectrum is important for a reliable differentiation from arterial signals based on its pulsatility, which is generally clearly lower for veins. Besides that, the typically low venous blood flow velocity often requires the use of a Doppler spectrum for a correct analysis
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In contrast, the unpaired straight sinus collects the blood of the centrally located deep cerebral veins (temporomesial, basal ganglia and thalamus) and flows preferable into the left IJV primarily via the left transverse sinus.
tioned above, shows a preference for the right side [13, 25, 34]. This has a physiological basis, in that the blood of both hemispheres primarily flows via the unpaired superior sagittalis sinus into one transverse sinus, preferentially the right, and finally enters the ipsilateral IJV. In contrast, the unpaired straight sinus collects the blood of the centrally located deep cerebral veins (temporomesial, basal ganglia and thalamus) and flows preferable into the left IJV primarily via the left transverse sinus. The real flow conditions and vascular diameter of the IJVs at least depends on the anatomical configuration of the confluens sinuum (CS). In the simplest case seen in an autopsy study on 600 adult cadavers, about 25% of cases the CS forms a complete connection between the superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus with a similar distribution of venous blood to both IJVs. However, in about 10% of cases the confluens sinuum is missing, such that hemispheres drain completely separately [28]. Venous drainage is dominated by the right side in about 50% of cases and is dominated by the left side or is distributed evenly across both sides in about 25% of cases. Consequently, particularly in the left IJV, a low blood flow volume with small vessel diameter should be considered physiologic, rather than pathological.
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Transtemporal powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
ri RM. Transtemporal powerand frequency-based color-coded duplex sonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza, JM, Schmierer, K, Mehraein, S, Einhaupl, KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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