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90 results of 17 texts with exact phrase : 'children'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

During the period 1990-2005 in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University Hospital “Alexandrovska” Sofia, were treated seven children – 5 (71.4 %) males and 2 (28.6 %) females, with diagnosed aneurisms of the vein of Galen.
During the period 1990-2005 in the Department of Neurosurgery at the University Hospital “Alexandrovska” Sofia, were treated seven children – 5 (71.4 %) males and 2 (28.6 %) females, with diagnosed aneurisms of the vein of Galen. The age of the patients varied from 1 month to 12 years.
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Six of the children (85.7 %) were operated on.
The internal hydrocephalus occurred in 6 (85.7 %) of the patients in our study. In three of them the signs and symptoms of progressive heart failure were also present. The onset of the disease was with Third Cranial Nerve palsy in one 12 years old patient. In the most of the cases the diagnosis was made soon after the birth. In one patient (14.3 %) the malformation was diagnosed prenatally by conventional ultrasound. Six of the children (85.7 %) were operated on. Five of them underwent open craniotomy clipping of the feeding vessels. The blood flow through the malformation was considerable reduced only in one of the patients operated using this approach. The sixth patient underwent ventricular punctures with reference to control of the excessive concomitant hydrocephalus. In this case the patient died. One patient was not operated on because of the presence of severe heart failure, bad general condition and neuroimaging data (computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) for multiplicity of the intracranial vascular malformation.
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Jones B., Ball W., Tomsick T., Millard J., Crone K.: Vein of Galen aneurismal malformation: diagnosis and treatment of 13 children with extended clinical follow-up AJNR-Am-JNeuroradiol,
Jones B., Ball W., Tomsick T., Millard J., Crone K.: Vein of Galen aneurismal malformation: diagnosis and treatment of 13 children with extended clinical follow-up AJNR-Am-JNeuroradiol,
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

Internal Hydrocephalus in Children –
Internal Hydrocephalus in Children –
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Internal Hydrocephalus in Children – Contemporary Opportunities for Surgical Treatment in Accordance with the Etiopathogenesis of the Disease
Internal Hydrocephalus in Children – Contemporary Opportunities for Surgical Treatment in Accordance with the Etiopathogenesis of the Disease
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To assess the causes, surgical procedures and postoperative results in the children having internal hydrocephalus, treated in our institution during the period of last five years.
To assess the causes, surgical procedures and postoperative results in the children having internal hydrocephalus, treated in our institution during the period of last five years.
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During the period 2000–2004 in the Department of Neurosurgery at University Hospital “Alexandrovska” – Sofia, were operated on 182 children with various types of internal hydrocephalus.
During the period 2000–2004 in the Department of Neurosurgery at University Hospital “Alexandrovska” – Sofia, were operated on 182 children with various types of internal hydrocephalus. The studied group consisted of 98 (53.8%) males and 84 (46.2%) females, average age 3,8 years.
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Internal hydrocephalus in children
Internal hydrocephalus in children
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Internal hydrocephalus in children
Internal hydrocephalus in children
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Choroid plexus tumors in children and young adults: report of 16 consecutive cases.
Due-Tonnessen B, Helseth E, Skullerud K, Lundar T. Choroid plexus tumors in children and young adults: report of 16 consecutive cases.
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Neuroendoscopy in the treatment of third ventricular hydrocephalus accompanying tumors of the posterior part of the third ventricle in children NeurolNeurochir-Pol
Mandat T, Roszkowski M, Barszcz S, Podgorski J K, Jurkiewicz E. Neuroendoscopy in the treatment of third ventricular hydrocephalus accompanying tumors of the posterior part of the third ventricle in children NeurolNeurochir-Pol
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The effectiveness of neuroendoscopic interventions in children
Macarthur D C, Buxton N, Vloeberghs M, Punt J. The effectiveness of neuroendoscopic interventions in children
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Long-term control of hydrocephalus via endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children with tectal plate gliomas.
Wellons J C 3rd, Tubbs R S, Banks J T, Grabb B, Blount J P, Oakes W J, Grabb P A. Long-term control of hydrocephalus via endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children with tectal plate gliomas.
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

Increased carotid intima-media thickness in children-adolescents, and young adults with a parental history of premature myocardial infarction.
Cuomo S, Guarini P, Gaeta G, De Michele M, Boeri F, Dorn J, Bond M, Trevisan M. Increased carotid intima-media thickness in children-adolescents, and young adults with a parental history of premature myocardial infarction.
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 1 , , ,

Focal Abnormality in Interictal EEG in Children with West Syndrome
Focal Abnormality in Interictal EEG in Children with West Syndrome
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To determine the results of ACTH-drugs treatment in children with West syndrome.
To determine the results of ACTH-drugs treatment in children with West syndrome.
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Between 1993-2006 year 94 children with West syndrome, aged 2-24 months were treated with ACTH-drugs.
Between 1993-2006 year 94 children with West syndrome, aged 2-24 months were treated with ACTH-drugs. Sympthomatic West syndrome was seen in 65 children (69,1%), cryptogenic in 17 children (18,1%) and idiopathic in 12
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Sympthomatic West syndrome was seen in 65 children (69,1%), cryptogenic in 17 children (18,1%) and idiopathic in 12
Between 1993-2006 year 94 children with West syndrome, aged 2-24 months were treated with ACTH-drugs. Sympthomatic West syndrome was seen in 65 children (69,1%), cryptogenic in 17 children (18,1%) and idiopathic in 12
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children (12,8%).
children (12,8%).
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A Seiture control had fifthy-four children (83,1%) with sympthomatic West syndrome, 15 children (88,2%) with cryptogenic and in all 12 children with idiopathic West syndrome (100 %).
A Seiture control had fifthy-four children (83,1%) with sympthomatic West syndrome, 15 children (88,2%) with cryptogenic and in all 12 children with idiopathic West syndrome (100 %).
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The adverse effects were observed in 36 children (38,3%).
The most effective treatment of West syndrome was with ACTH-drugs. The adverse effects were observed in 36 children (38,3%). The side-effects were infections irritability and candidiasis.
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In: Epilepsy in children.
Sorel L, Dusaucy-Bauloye A. In: Epilepsy in children. Raven Press. New York, 1986.
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Focal Abnormality in Interictal EEG in Children with West Syndrome
Focal Abnormality in Interictal EEG in Children with West Syndrome
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To determine the focal EEG abnormalities in children with West syndrome.
To determine the focal EEG abnormalities in children with West syndrome.
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Between 1989-2006 year 204 children (aged 2-26 months) were investigated using EEG.
Between 1989-2006 year 204 children (aged 2-26 months) were investigated using EEG. Sympthomatic West syndrome was seen in 63%, cryptogenic – in 27% and idiopathic – in 10%.
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Focal EEG abnormalities was seen in 35,2% from the children with nonhypsarrythmia in interictal EEG, and 29,3% in the children with hypsarrythmia.
Focal EEG abnormalities was seen in 35,2% from the children with nonhypsarrythmia in interictal EEG, and 29,3% in the children with hypsarrythmia. Focal EEG abnormalities was detected in 71,4% of the children with abnormal CT cerebri.
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Focal EEG abnormalities was detected in 71,4% of the children with abnormal CT cerebri.
Focal EEG abnormalities was seen in 35,2% from the children with nonhypsarrythmia in interictal EEG, and 29,3% in the children with hypsarrythmia. Focal EEG abnormalities was detected in 71,4% of the children with abnormal CT cerebri.
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Focal EEG abnormalities was detected more often in children with abnormal CT cerebri.
Focal EEG abnormalities occurred in 30,9% and increased greatly during sleep. Focal EEG abnormalities was detected more often in children with abnormal CT cerebri.
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Epilepsy in children.
Dulac O. Epilepsy in children.
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In: Epilepsy in children.
Gibbs FA., Gibbs EL. In: Epilepsy in children. Raven Press. New York, 1986.
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Seizure disorders in children.
Mizrahi EM. Seizure disorders in children.
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A long�term follow�up study of 214 children with syndrome of infantile spasms.
Riilkonen R. A long�term follow�up study of 214 children with syndrome of infantile spasms.
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42]. At the same time, fTDU spectroscopy assures a more understandable picture of changes related to the influence of a given mental stimulus [25, 52].
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Clinical functional MRI of the language domain in children with epilepsy.
Wilke M, Pieper T, Lindner K, Dushe T, Staudt M, Grodd W, Holthausen H, Krageloh-Mann I. Clinical functional MRI of the language domain in children with epilepsy. Hum Brain Mapp 2010, epub.
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6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

In children and young people with diffuse brain injuries and increased risk of psychiatric complications and slow cognitive development, drug treatment is supported by adapted educational programs.
Cognitive disorders, behavioral and emotional changes arising directly or as a result of injury may hamper rehabilitation and brain recovery [9]. Impairments of concentration of attention and memory and occurrence of depression limit patient’s independence and have an adverse effect on his rehabilitation if not diagnosed and treated properly [31]. Selective inhibitors of serotonin, mirtazapine and tetracyclic antidepressants are used to treat depression in combination with psychotherapy [19]. In cases of frontal lobe syndromes beta blockers, dopamine agonists, more recent atypical antipsychotics and stimulating techniques are used [12]. In children and young people with diffuse brain injuries and increased risk of psychiatric complications and slow cognitive development, drug treatment is supported by adapted educational programs.
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Cognitive and behavioral changes and disorders of executive functions are common in traumatic injuries of the frontal lobe [37], which may cause mental retardation in children.
Treatment is directed towards reduction of complications following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The recovery prognosis correlates with the duration of posttraumatic amnesia [43]. Cognitive and behavioral changes and disorders of executive functions are common in traumatic injuries of the frontal lobe [37], which may cause mental retardation in children. Impaired social functions of patients worsen the long-term family relations. Cognitive and behavioral deficits prevent returning to school or work environment. Even though the sequence of recovery after TBI follows a certain model, it is a heterogeneous disorder and rehabilitation programs must be adapted to patient’s individual needs – change of environment, training of relatives. Pharmacotherapy plays a considerable role in long-term prognosis in traumatic and vascular brain injuries [10].
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Traumatic brain injury in the United States: assessing outcomes in children,
Traumatic brain injury in the United States: assessing outcomes in children,
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www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/ assessing outcomes in children.html.
www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/ assessing outcomes in children.html. Accessed October 11, 2010.
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7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

Yang EJ, Rha DW, Yoo JK, Park ES Accuracy of manual needle placement for gastrocnemius muscle in children with cerebral palsy checked against ultrasonography.
Yang EJ, Rha DW, Yoo JK, Park ES Accuracy of manual needle placement for gastrocnemius muscle in children with cerebral palsy checked against ultrasonography.
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Hypotermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children.
Hutchison E, Ward R, Lacroix J, Hebert P, Barnes M, bohn D, Dorks P. Hypotermia therapy after traumatic brain injury in children.
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8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

Hemispheric Lateralization of Language in Children with Deep Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant: a Functional Transcranial Doppler Study.
Hemispheric Lateralization of Language in Children with Deep Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant: a Functional Transcranial Doppler Study.
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However, access to vascular laboratories appears to be a barrier to the implementation of this highly effective stroke prevention strategy, even among children with comprehensive health insurance.
Approximately twenty-four percent of patients have a stroke by the age of 45 years. Blood transfusions decrease stroke risk in patients deemed high risk by transcranial Doppler (TCD) by evidence of elevated intracranial internal carotid or middle cerebral artery velocity. A follow-up of neurologically symptomatic and asymptomatic sickle cell patients increased other factors were significant in the identification of patients at risk that could include: velocity in the ophthalmic artery > that of the ipsilateral MCA, maximum velocity in the posterior cerebral (PCA), vertebral, or basilar arteries > maximum velocity in the MCA, turbulence, PCA visualized without the MCA. These news observations in TCD exams have been included in a practical way and will be discussed. TCD screening itself only stratifies stroke risk, but does not prevent stroke; stroke prevention depends on the implementation of chronic transfusion therapy. However, access to vascular laboratories appears to be a barrier to the implementation of this highly effective stroke prevention strategy, even among children with comprehensive health insurance. The difficulties in performing the examination, differences in imaging and nonimaging techniques, and interpretation guidelines are the main problems. This review describes the practical procedure, the strategies to improve the TCD utilization like task force works and illustrates with the Brazilian guidelines a prevalent place for this disease.
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Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasound-guided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in single forearm muscles (e.g. the flexor digitorum superficialis or the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of single fingers) of patients with writers cramp or with mild post-stroke spasticity. An emerging application is the ultrasound-guided BoNT injection into deep cervical and nuchal muscles in patients with cervical dystonia, such as the scalene muscles, the longissimus cervicis muscle, and the obliquus capitis inferior muscle. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis, and the piriformis muscle in patients suffering from the piriformis syndrome.
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HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH DEEP SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER STUDY
HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH DEEP SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER STUDY
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To study hemispheric lateralization of language in a group of children with deep hearing loss and cochlear implant (CI) and in a control group (CG) by functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD).
To study hemispheric lateralization of language in a group of children with deep hearing loss and cochlear implant (CI) and in a control group (CG) by functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD).
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Its versatility allows for easy use in children and put it as an elective method in children with CI.
fTCD is a useful tool to get a LI of linguistic function in patients with both typical and atypical development. Its versatility allows for easy use in children and put it as an elective method in children with CI. Physiopathological findings deriving from fTCD, integrated with clinical and linguistic data, may have relevant consequences on management of patients with hearing loss candidates to CI.
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9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 1 , , ,

ln 2006 an analysis was published based on observation of 36 902 adults and 882 children experienced pulseless СА, using data from the National Registry of СPR (NRСPR), USА.
ln survival analysis within a month by СА forms it is identified that the elderly patients (over 75 years) the better prognosis is for patients with asystole followed by those with VF. Аn inverse correlation has been observed for patients survived more than a month and better prognosis is for VF compared to asystole. No patient with PЕА survived more than a month [28]. ln 2006 an analysis was published based on observation of 36 902 adults and 882 children experienced pulseless СА, using data from the National Registry of СPR (NRСPR), USА. First documented arrhythmias in both age groups have been asystole or PЕА whereas the children had better survival than adults. Respiratory failure with progressing tissue hypoxia and acidosis leading to circulatory shock is the typical cause of PСА in children rather than a coronary disease. The rhythm of pulseless СА in children usually progresses from bradyarrhythmia to asystole or PЕА and rarely to VF [21]. The first documented rhythm of СА in the age group above 75 y/a is VF or PVT in 36% of hospitalized and in 24% of ambulatory patients. VF or PVT is registered in 25% during the reanimation stages or after the first documented rhythm of asystole or PЕА [22].
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First documented arrhythmias in both age groups have been asystole or PЕА whereas the children had better survival than adults.
ln survival analysis within a month by СА forms it is identified that the elderly patients (over 75 years) the better prognosis is for patients with asystole followed by those with VF. Аn inverse correlation has been observed for patients survived more than a month and better prognosis is for VF compared to asystole. No patient with PЕА survived more than a month [28]. ln 2006 an analysis was published based on observation of 36 902 adults and 882 children experienced pulseless СА, using data from the National Registry of СPR (NRСPR), USА. First documented arrhythmias in both age groups have been asystole or PЕА whereas the children had better survival than adults. Respiratory failure with progressing tissue hypoxia and acidosis leading to circulatory shock is the typical cause of PСА in children rather than a coronary disease. The rhythm of pulseless СА in children usually progresses from bradyarrhythmia to asystole or PЕА and rarely to VF [21]. The first documented rhythm of СА in the age group above 75 y/a is VF or PVT in 36% of hospitalized and in 24% of ambulatory patients. VF or PVT is registered in 25% during the reanimation stages or after the first documented rhythm of asystole or PЕА [22]. Relation is observed between VF and PVT as well as between PЕА and asystole in case identical risk factors are present.
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Respiratory failure with progressing tissue hypoxia and acidosis leading to circulatory shock is the typical cause of PСА in children rather than a coronary disease.
ln survival analysis within a month by СА forms it is identified that the elderly patients (over 75 years) the better prognosis is for patients with asystole followed by those with VF. Аn inverse correlation has been observed for patients survived more than a month and better prognosis is for VF compared to asystole. No patient with PЕА survived more than a month [28]. ln 2006 an analysis was published based on observation of 36 902 adults and 882 children experienced pulseless СА, using data from the National Registry of СPR (NRСPR), USА. First documented arrhythmias in both age groups have been asystole or PЕА whereas the children had better survival than adults. Respiratory failure with progressing tissue hypoxia and acidosis leading to circulatory shock is the typical cause of PСА in children rather than a coronary disease. The rhythm of pulseless СА in children usually progresses from bradyarrhythmia to asystole or PЕА and rarely to VF [21]. The first documented rhythm of СА in the age group above 75 y/a is VF or PVT in 36% of hospitalized and in 24% of ambulatory patients. VF or PVT is registered in 25% during the reanimation stages or after the first documented rhythm of asystole or PЕА [22]. Relation is observed between VF and PVT as well as between PЕА and asystole in case identical risk factors are present. For example, acute myocardial infarction is associated with firstly documented VF or PVT; the acute respiratory failure and hypotension correlate with PЕА and asystole [20].
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The rhythm of pulseless СА in children usually progresses from bradyarrhythmia to asystole or PЕА and rarely to VF [21].
Аn inverse correlation has been observed for patients survived more than a month and better prognosis is for VF compared to asystole. No patient with PЕА survived more than a month [28]. ln 2006 an analysis was published based on observation of 36 902 adults and 882 children experienced pulseless СА, using data from the National Registry of СPR (NRСPR), USА. First documented arrhythmias in both age groups have been asystole or PЕА whereas the children had better survival than adults. Respiratory failure with progressing tissue hypoxia and acidosis leading to circulatory shock is the typical cause of PСА in children rather than a coronary disease. The rhythm of pulseless СА in children usually progresses from bradyarrhythmia to asystole or PЕА and rarely to VF [21]. The first documented rhythm of СА in the age group above 75 y/a is VF or PVT in 36% of hospitalized and in 24% of ambulatory patients. VF or PVT is registered in 25% during the reanimation stages or after the first documented rhythm of asystole or PЕА [22]. Relation is observed between VF and PVT as well as between PЕА and asystole in case identical risk factors are present. For example, acute myocardial infarction is associated with firstly documented VF or PVT; the acute respiratory failure and hypotension correlate with PЕА and asystole [20]. Mild therapeutic hypothermia improves survival after СА providing brain neuroprotection.
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10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

It was shown to be impaired in type 1 diabetic children [16] and in women with gestational diabetes versus non-pregnant and healthy pregnant women [18].
NVC also seems to be disturbed in the presence of other vascular risk factors. It was shown to be impaired in type 1 diabetic children [16] and in women with gestational diabetes versus non-pregnant and healthy pregnant women [18]. Impaired visually evoked flow velocity response
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Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity in type 1 diabetic children.
Rosengarten B, Dost A, Kaufmann A, Gortner L, Kaps M. Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity in type 1 diabetic children.
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– it is based on central pattern generator theories for postural and gait control and aims to activate the “innate”, stored movement patterns in children with birth related brain damage and adult stroke patients [47].
– it is based on central pattern generator theories for postural and gait control and aims to activate the “innate”, stored movement patterns in children with birth related brain damage and adult stroke patients [47].
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Management of the Motor Disorders of Children with Cerebral Palsy.
Vojta V. The basic elements of treatment according to Vojta. Management of the Motor Disorders of Children with Cerebral Palsy. Philadelphia: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1984: 75-85.
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One TCS study also showed that “the echogenicity of SN was significantly larger in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with healthy controls (F1.42= 9.298, p=0.004, specificity was 0.73 and sensitivity 0.82), without influence of age or sex” [23].
One TCS study also showed that “the echogenicity of SN was significantly larger in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with healthy controls (F1.42= 9.298, p=0.004, specificity was 0.73 and sensitivity 0.82), without influence of age or sex” [23]. SN hyperechogenicity in ADHD patients might be explained by a developmental delay followed by structural changes of basal ganglia structures. This assumption was confirmed by recent neuroimaging studies that have showed structural alterations in the basal ganglia of patients with ADHD [23].
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Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Romanos M, Weise D, Schliesser M, Schecklmann M, Loffler J, Warke A, Gerlach M, Classen J, Mehler-Wex C. Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

There also exist some inherited conditions which increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma in children, such as von HippelLindau syndrome (VHL), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), familial non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinoma, tuberous sclerosis.
There also exist some inherited conditions which increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma in children, such as von HippelLindau syndrome (VHL), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), familial non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinoma, tuberous sclerosis. Screening for renal masses in children with increased risk is done regularly with diagnostic imaging techniques.
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Screening for renal masses in children with increased risk is done regularly with diagnostic imaging techniques.
There also exist some inherited conditions which increase the risk of renal cell carcinoma in children, such as von HippelLindau syndrome (VHL), hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), familial non-VHL clear cell renal cell carcinoma, tuberous sclerosis. Screening for renal masses in children with increased risk is done regularly with diagnostic imaging techniques.
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12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 1 , , ,

These children may have dysmorphic facial signs, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive and behavioral disturbance, epileptic seizures, disturbances in abstract thinking, limited emotional communication (incomprehension of humor, irony, etc.) [3].
In mild dysgenesis, the patients usually have normal psychological and physical development and are “asymptomatic” [8, 15]. Patients with agenesis and/or another anomaly show significant functional disturbances and progressive intellectual deficiency [3, 6, 15]. Usually the clinical symptoms first appear in early childhood. These children may have dysmorphic facial signs, neuropsychological deficits, cognitive and behavioral disturbance, epileptic seizures, disturbances in abstract thinking, limited emotional communication (incomprehension of humor, irony, etc.) [3]. They have difficulties in the judgment of emotions (alexithymia) and facial expressions, they have problems in learning new information and actions, impaired social skills and self-as-
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A study of agenesis of the corpus callosum in children and adults shows that interhemispheric deficits may regress with time [7].
Due to the high plasticity and the ability of formation of new connections, patients with early diagnosed anomalies in the development of the corpus callosum can be treated with a specialized neurorehabilitation and can show great improvement. This process is further favored by the fact, that the corpus callosum reaches its final size at the age of 2 years and is one of the brain structures, in which the myelination finishes last [3]. A study of agenesis of the corpus callosum in children and adults shows that interhemispheric deficits may regress with time [7]. Prenatal ultrasound diagnostic examination, made in the 20th gestation week, contributes to the early screening of anomalies of the corpus callosum [3, 10, 20]. Sonographic sign is the dilation of the interhemispheric fissure and lat-
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Comparative study of interand intrahemispheric somatosensory functions in children with partial and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Friefeld S, MacGregor D, Sylvester C, Saint-Cyr J. Comparative study of interand intrahemispheric somatosensory functions in children with partial and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum.
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Iskra Hristozova presented the progress in the treatment of children with Wilms tumor.
Three reports in the Oncology field were presented. Acad. Dr. Margarita Kamenova familiarized the audience with the modern trends in diagnosis and prognosis of neuroblastoma. She stressed that by bone marrow examination latent forms of neuroblastomas may be found. Acad. Prof. Dr. Iskra Hristozova presented the progress in the treatment of children with Wilms tumor. She cited that 85% of the operated small patients had received a new chance of life (measured over a 3-year survival rate after surgery). Acad. Prof. Nikola Vladov talked about the early diagnosis and modern treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 2 , , ,

At present our knowledge about them is minimal, but is used for in-depth study of children with autism, cerebral rehabilitation, and explanation of various higher cortical functions such as memory, learning, speech, and empathy.
Mirror neurons are not yet a completely understood field of the brain and have not revealed all their possible applications. At present our knowledge about them is minimal, but is used for in-depth study of children with autism, cerebral rehabilitation, and explanation of various higher cortical functions such as memory, learning, speech, and empathy. Some authors accept them as a new, so called "social nervous system". Further investigations are needed to elucidate their real role in human life.
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Nowadays, polysomnography is a routine method in the intensive treatment of children with
At the Port-Royal Hospital in Paris, under the supervision of professor A. Minkovski, doctor L. Daskalova–Curzi studied EEG for premature, mature neonates as well as neonates at risk. Her research helps assess the impact of hemodynamic changes associated with rhythm and respiratory failure in newborns, on the bioelectric activity of the brain. With her research she proves the importance of the polysomnographic methodology as an objective method for classifying respiratory disorders during sleep as wells as differentiation of central and obstructive apnea. Nowadays, polysomnography is a routine method in the intensive treatment of children with
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14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 1 , , ,

By perfecting the technology, it is expected to create a fully functional and functionally active liver which will have a significant impact on the development of liver transplantology in adults and children.
This is a strategic direction that opens new perspectives on transplantology: bioprinting of hepatic tissue does not require the use of liver from live or death donor [24, 39]. Hepatocytes and stem hepatocyte derivatives are most commonly used for bioink [2]. Although the bioprinted organ may have the recipient’s shape and size, complete functional compatibility has not been achieved yet [20]. Modern technology uses a hepatic tissue-like structure called "canaliculi", which mixed with primary hepatocytes, is placed in a collagen matrix. The functional properties of the resulting mixture are assessed, and the end product (liver cells, liver tissue, bile duct) can be stored for up to 4 weeks [24]. By perfecting the technology, it is expected to create a fully functional and functionally active liver which will have a significant impact on the development of liver transplantology in adults and children.
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15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 2 , , ,

These insights arise from numerous studies with both children and adults participating and are based beyond simplified understanding that improvement can be expected just from periodical exposure to arts [23].
There is growing evidence that artistic training improves attention and cognition. These insights arise from numerous studies with both children and adults participating and are based beyond simplified understanding that improvement can be expected just from periodical exposure to arts [23]. The key point is again activity-dependent neuroplasticity; the focused training in any of the arts, music, dance or drama activates attention networks that are a crucial part in learning and memory process. The attention networks are easier to activate with the type of arts that person is really interested in. Music has a superior effect on brain plasticity, active music training in children for a longer period of time revealed significantly better results on general measures of intelligence, in reading fluency and in performance in the geometry skills compared to results of children that didn’t receive training [10, 18]. Practicing some skill increases efficiency of attention networks what besides pure cognitive improvement can enhance the executive attention skills (emotion control, empathy, impulse control…), necessary for a successful learning process.
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Music has a superior effect on brain plasticity, active music training in children for a longer period of time revealed significantly better results on general measures of intelligence, in reading fluency and in performance in the geometry skills compared to results of children that didn’t receive training [10, 18].
There is growing evidence that artistic training improves attention and cognition. These insights arise from numerous studies with both children and adults participating and are based beyond simplified understanding that improvement can be expected just from periodical exposure to arts [23]. The key point is again activity-dependent neuroplasticity; the focused training in any of the arts, music, dance or drama activates attention networks that are a crucial part in learning and memory process. The attention networks are easier to activate with the type of arts that person is really interested in. Music has a superior effect on brain plasticity, active music training in children for a longer period of time revealed significantly better results on general measures of intelligence, in reading fluency and in performance in the geometry skills compared to results of children that didn’t receive training [10, 18]. Practicing some skill increases efficiency of attention networks what besides pure cognitive improvement can enhance the executive attention skills (emotion control, empathy, impulse control…), necessary for a successful learning process.
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easily performed on children; moreover each body part can be assessed in every position with the possibility to perform dynamic scanning [2].
easily performed on children; moreover each body part can be assessed in every position with the possibility to perform dynamic scanning [2]. US can directly image nerves and demonstrate their internal structure consisting of several hypoechoic structures, the fascicles, embedded in a hyperechoic background, the epineurium [7]. The main limit of the US evaluation is the low ability to depict deep tissues.
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Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection has been increasingly used for treating muscular spasticity and dystonia. Unlike other techniques of precision targeting such as electromyography or computed tomography that have been described to minimize undesirable BoNT effects, B-mode ultrasound allows immediate and high-resolution imaging of the injection needle position within the target region. Visual identification of muscles and depth control of needle placement are the key features of ultrasoundguided injection that lead to improved targeting and safety of BoNT injections. Ultrasound may be helpful to validate already established injection techniques or when learning the correct injection technique. Ultrasound-guided BoNT injection has been recommended as a standard procedure in treatment of lower leg spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In recent years, this technique has been increasingly used also for the exact targeting of BoNT injection in patients with cervical dystonia. The ultrasoundguided BoNT injection is especially recommendable if the scalene muscles; the longus colli, longisslimus capitis, or the obliquus capitis inferior muscles are targeted. The upcoming MRI-ultrasound fusion imaging techniques that are available already today with advanced ultrasound systems allow the ultrasound-guided targeting also of small deep muscles such as the longus colli muscle in patients with antecollis.
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 1 , , ,

This therapy appears to be promising in Parkinson's disease, Moebius syndrome, cerebral paresis in children, phantom pain.
Mirror neurons are a newly discovered group of cells that are spontaneously activated when a person performs and/or monitors an action. The proof of their existence is a significant breakthrough in neurosciences. It is assumed that these neurons are responsible for various functions of the nervous system – empathy, imitation, prediction of others’ intentions, etc. Various new neurorehabilitation techniques, based on the concept of mirror neurons, have been developed for patients with paresis, paralysis and aphasia after damage to the central nervous system (primarily strokes and traumas). This therapy appears to be promising in Parkinson's disease, Moebius syndrome, cerebral paresis in children, phantom pain. There is a link between dysfunction of mirror neurons and autism spectrum diseases, as well as some neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Some scientists assume that mirror neurons form a new so-called “Social Nervous System”. Their role is to be further studied, evaluated and adequately applied in medical practice.
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A number of studies comparing the mirror system in clinically healthy children and children with autism reveal a significantly reduced activity of mirror neurons in autism.
A number of studies comparing the mirror system in clinically healthy children and children with autism reveal a significantly reduced activity of mirror neurons in autism. This is confirmed by:
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Lack of normal electromyographic activity of mylohyoid muscle which takes part in opening the mouth; unlike typically developing children, eating does not cause activation of this muscle in children with autism [32];
Lack of normal electromyographic activity of mylohyoid muscle which takes part in opening the mouth; unlike typically developing children, eating does not cause activation of this muscle in children with autism [32];
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Structural MRI data showing decreased volume of pars opercularis in children with autism
Structural MRI data showing decreased volume of pars opercularis in children with autism
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These results are not the same for all children with autism, so the theory of the "broken mirror" remains controversial [17].
These results are not the same for all children with autism, so the theory of the "broken mirror" remains controversial [17]. It is assumed that the applied methods are difficult to interpret and that the indicators used do not reflect fully and exclusively the activity of the mirror neurons. One of the possible reasons for this is the high heterogeneity of the study groups with autism in terms of age, gender, degree of functional and morphological impairment, and social experience prior to treatment.
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Children with autism learn to take their own toys by directing their hands only by observing their image in a mirror.
One of the developed methods of treatment is the mirror therapy. Children with autism learn to take their own toys by directing their hands only by observing their image in a mirror. It is believed that synchronicity between the performed and the observed action stimulates mirror neurons [30].
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It is believed that this technique will prove to be effective also in children with cerebral palsy [2].
The basis of this success is the fact that there are mirror neurons in the Broca and Wernicke areas [5]. Action Observation Treatment (AOT) consists of watching videos of various daily activities (e.g. cutting a fruit) to activate the mirror system. According to the performed assays (Token Test, WAB, Picture Naming Test), the symptoms are ameliorated after the treatment [5]. Similar therapy has been performed with significant success in patients with right cerebral hemisphere stroke with residual hemispatial neglect syndrome [38] and Parkinson's disease [3]. It is believed that this technique will prove to be effective also in children with cerebral palsy [2]. In 2017, reduced mirror activity was demonstrated in Alzheimer's disease [10]. The application of this discovery is yet to be studied.
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Improving upper limb motor functions through action observation treatment: a pilot study in children with cerebral palsy.
Buccino G. Improving upper limb motor functions through action observation treatment: a pilot study in children with cerebral palsy.
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Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders.
Dapretto M, Davies MS, Pfeifer JH. Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders.
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Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: The mirror neuron hypothesis.
Oberman LM, Ramachandran VS, Pineda JA. Modulation of mu suppression in children with autism spectrum disorders in response to familiar or unfamiliar stimuli: The mirror neuron hypothesis.
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Recently, TCS has shown that the echogeniciity of SN is significantly larger in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than in healthy controls (F1.42 = 9.298, p = 0.004, effect size = 0.92, specificity 0.73 and sensitivity 0.82.) without effects of age or sex.
Recently, TCS has shown that the echogeniciity of SN is significantly larger in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than in healthy controls (F1.42 = 9.298, p = 0.004, effect size = 0.92, specificity 0.73 and sensitivity 0.82.) without effects of age or sex. Increased SN echogenicity in ADHD patients relative to healthy controls might be explained by a developmental delay. Although most findings with regard to a presumptive developmental delay in ADHD relate to diminished growth of cortical thickness, recent studies have reported structural alterations in the basal ganglia of patients with ADHD. It remains unclear whether an enlarged echogenic SN area in ADHD patients can be attributed to a primary
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Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
ffler J, Warnke A et al. Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 2 , , ,

Ischemic Stroke in Children.
Ischemic Stroke in Children.
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ISCHEMIC STROKE IN CHILDREN
ISCHEMIC STROKE IN CHILDREN
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Arterial ischemic stroke is increasingly recognized in children.
Arterial ischemic stroke is increasingly recognized in children. Adult treatment trial data are not directly
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Current guidelines agree on the treatment of children with sickle-cell disease and stroke – initial and maintenance transfusion therapy to reduce the proportion of sickle-cell haemoglobin to less than 30%.
applicable to pediatric stroke due to maturational differences in coagulation and vascular systems as well as different stroke mechanisms. Current guidelines agree on the treatment of children with sickle-cell disease and stroke – initial and maintenance transfusion therapy to reduce the proportion of sickle-cell haemoglobin to less than 30%. For children with sinovenous thrombosis or arterial stroke due to dissection or cardiac embolism guidelines recommend anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin for 3-6 months. Children with ischemic stroke of other etiology are empirically treated with antithrombotics including antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Of major concern is also the risk of recurrent stroke, which affects up to 25% of children.
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For children with sinovenous thrombosis or arterial stroke due to dissection or cardiac embolism guidelines recommend anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin for 3-6 months.
applicable to pediatric stroke due to maturational differences in coagulation and vascular systems as well as different stroke mechanisms. Current guidelines agree on the treatment of children with sickle-cell disease and stroke – initial and maintenance transfusion therapy to reduce the proportion of sickle-cell haemoglobin to less than 30%. For children with sinovenous thrombosis or arterial stroke due to dissection or cardiac embolism guidelines recommend anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin for 3-6 months. Children with ischemic stroke of other etiology are empirically treated with antithrombotics including antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Of major concern is also the risk of recurrent stroke, which affects up to 25% of children.
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Children with ischemic stroke of other etiology are empirically treated with antithrombotics including antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs.
applicable to pediatric stroke due to maturational differences in coagulation and vascular systems as well as different stroke mechanisms. Current guidelines agree on the treatment of children with sickle-cell disease and stroke – initial and maintenance transfusion therapy to reduce the proportion of sickle-cell haemoglobin to less than 30%. For children with sinovenous thrombosis or arterial stroke due to dissection or cardiac embolism guidelines recommend anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin for 3-6 months. Children with ischemic stroke of other etiology are empirically treated with antithrombotics including antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Of major concern is also the risk of recurrent stroke, which affects up to 25% of children.
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Of major concern is also the risk of recurrent stroke, which affects up to 25% of children.
applicable to pediatric stroke due to maturational differences in coagulation and vascular systems as well as different stroke mechanisms. Current guidelines agree on the treatment of children with sickle-cell disease and stroke – initial and maintenance transfusion therapy to reduce the proportion of sickle-cell haemoglobin to less than 30%. For children with sinovenous thrombosis or arterial stroke due to dissection or cardiac embolism guidelines recommend anticoagulant therapy with warfarin or low molecular weight heparin for 3-6 months. Children with ischemic stroke of other etiology are empirically treated with antithrombotics including antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. Of major concern is also the risk of recurrent stroke, which affects up to 25% of children.
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Single and multicenter studies assess feasibility, efficacy and safety of IVT/EVT in children with acute ischemic stroke.
Intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular therapy (IVT/EVT) are evidence-based treatments for adults with arterial ischemic stroke. Single and multicenter studies assess feasibility, efficacy and safety of IVT/EVT in children with acute ischemic stroke. Recanalization treatment is feasible and seems to be safe in severely affected pediatric AIS patients. The assessment of efficacy of IVT/EVT in pediatric stroke patients requires larger studies.
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children, ischemic stroke, treatment
children, ischemic stroke, treatment
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