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196 results of 26 texts with exact phrase : 'neuroimaging'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

J Neuroimaging,
J Neuroimaging,
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Barcovich AJ, Pediatric Neuroimaging, Raven Press, New York 1995, 154 157
Barcovich AJ, Pediatric Neuroimaging, Raven Press, New York 1995, 154 157
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One patient was not operated on because of the presence of severe heart failure, bad general condition and neuroimaging data (computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) for multiplicity of the intracranial vascular malformation.
Six of the children (85.7 %) were operated on. Five of them underwent open craniotomy clipping of the feeding vessels. The blood flow through the malformation was considerable reduced only in one of the patients operated using this approach. The sixth patient underwent ventricular punctures with reference to control of the excessive concomitant hydrocephalus. In this case the patient died. One patient was not operated on because of the presence of severe heart failure, bad general condition and neuroimaging data (computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) for multiplicity of the intracranial vascular malformation.
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Той е рецензент на няколко международни научни медицински списания: Stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging и др.
Завършва висше медицинско образование през 1980 година. През 1989 година става главен асистент в Университетската клиника по неврология в Грац, Австрия. През 1991 година придобива званието доцент по неврология и е Началник на сектор по невросонография. От 1996 година е професор по неврология и заместник-началник на катедрата по неврология в Грац. Автор и съавтор е на над 200 научни публикации в областта на неврологията и невросонографията. Той е рецензент на няколко международни научни медицински списания: Stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging и др. Член е на Изпълнителния комитет на Изследователската група по невросонография към Световната федерация по неврология, на Американската академия по неврология, Американската асоциация по невроизобразяване и на Европейската асоциация по невросонография и мозъчна хемодинамика. От месец май 2005 година проф. Нидеркорн е президент на Европейската асоциация по невросонография и мозъчна хемодинамика.
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He is also a reviewer for several international journals: Stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging etc.
He has graduated the Medical School in Graz in 1980. In 1989 he became Assistant Professor of Neurology at the University Department of Neurology in Graz, Austria. In 1991 he became Associate Professor of Neurology and a Chief of the Section of Neurosonology. Since 1996 he is Professor of Neurology and Vice-Chairman of the Department of Neurology in Graz. Prof. Niederkorn has more than 200 scientific publications in the field of neurology and neurosonology. He is also a reviewer for several international journals: Stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging etc. He is member of the Executive Committee of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology, American Academy of Neurology, the American Societry of Neuroimaging and the European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics. Since May 2005 he is President of the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
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He is member of the Executive Committee of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology, American Academy of Neurology, the American Societry of Neuroimaging and the European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics.
In 1989 he became Assistant Professor of Neurology at the University Department of Neurology in Graz, Austria. In 1991 he became Associate Professor of Neurology and a Chief of the Section of Neurosonology. Since 1996 he is Professor of Neurology and Vice-Chairman of the Department of Neurology in Graz. Prof. Niederkorn has more than 200 scientific publications in the field of neurology and neurosonology. He is also a reviewer for several international journals: Stroke, Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging etc. He is member of the Executive Committee of the Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology, American Academy of Neurology, the American Societry of Neuroimaging and the European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics. Since May 2005 he is President of the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

EFNS guideline on neuroimaging in strokeEJN (in print).
Masdeu JC et al. EFNS guideline on neuroimaging in strokeEJN (in print).
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Journal of Neuroimaging
Journal of Neuroimaging
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Editorial Board Member of Journal of Neuroimaging
Editorial Board Member of Journal of Neuroimaging
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Journal of the Neurological Sciences Journal of Neuroimaging
Journal of the Neurological Sciences Journal of Neuroimaging
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

Comparative Clinical, Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Investigations
Comparative Clinical, Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Investigations
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The integrated use of functional neuroimaging techniques, at the same time trying to overcome the limitations of each specific methodology, is likely to shed much light on brain plasticity mechanisms.
Recovery of function after cerebrovascular stroke is attributable to a number of factors, including events (such as reabsorption of perilesional edema and tissue reperfusion) in the first few days after the incident. Yet the recovery after the stroke and consistent reorganization in the neural tissue takes many weeks and even many months. Recovery from strokes with identical initial clinical manifestations may vary greatly and our understanding of the recovery processes, though exponentially increased during last 10 years, is still very limited. Contrary to what was previously held as a fact, recent research advances have demonstrated that the adult human brain has a certain capacity for plastic reorganization and self-repair after a stroke. The mechanisms responsible for post-stroke recovery are complex and they operate at different levels, from signal transduction and gene transcription to synaptic and neural network level reorganization. The integrated use of functional neuroimaging techniques, at the same time trying to overcome the limitations of each specific methodology, is likely to shed much light on brain plasticity mechanisms. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological changes likely underlie reorganization of the central nervous system and these changes are, in part, possible to characterize experimentally using imaging methods to evidence the post-stroke plasticity. Better understanding of these mechanisms can provide neurorehabilitation with powerful tools to help in designing and implementing new therapeutic approaches to stroke patients both in the acute and the chronic stages after a
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Here I wish to give one example of how a neuroimaging study of a new stroke rehabilitation method may give hard data on the effects of rehabilitation [1].
habilitation methods have gained plenty of interest and produced promising results in selected research patients with stroke. Here I wish to give one example of how a neuroimaging study of a new stroke rehabilitation method may give hard data on the effects of rehabilitation [1].
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Comparative Clinical, Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Investigations in Young Patient with Thrombosis
Comparative Clinical, Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Investigations in Young Patient with Thrombosis
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This study reveals that the combined use of neurosonographic and neuroimaging methods helps for the non-invasive diagnosis of the localization, the type and the degree of vascular lesions and allows their longitudinal evolution.
This study reveals that the combined use of neurosonographic and neuroimaging methods helps for the non-invasive diagnosis of the localization, the type and the degree of vascular lesions and allows their longitudinal evolution.
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 2 , , ,

J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 1 , , ,

J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 2 , , ,

Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation – a Pilot Study
Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation – a Pilot Study
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The development of neurologic science and practice in the last years and the introduction of modern neuroimaging methods (Positron Emission Tomography, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) proved that some specific, but elementary operations are really completed by precise neurons in exactly localized brain areas.
The knowledge about the cognitive brain functions is marked by the struggle between two conceptions – localisationism and holism (globalism) and its most extreme manifestation equipotentialism. In 19th and 20th centuries many remarkable scientists and clinicians adduced arguments supporting the one or the other opinion. The development of neurologic science and practice in the last years and the introduction of modern neuroimaging methods (Positron Emission Tomography, functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) proved that some specific, but elementary operations are really completed by precise neurons in exactly localized brain areas. However, each cognitive function is related to many operations, located in different (sometimes very distant) cerebral zones, forming unite functional system. The modern method for understanding the cognitive functions is called connectionism and is based on revealing and computerized simulation of these relations.
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Въвеждането в последните десетилетия на невроизобразяващи (neuroimaging) методи като позитрон емисионната томография (PET) и функционалното магнитно резонансно изобразяване (fMRI) позволиха да се проследи регионалната активност на групи от неврони при изпълняване на различни когнитивни задачи от здрави нормални индивиди.
Въвеждането в последните десетилетия на невроизобразяващи (neuroimaging) методи като позитрон емисионната томография (PET) и функционалното магнитно резонансно изобразяване (fMRI) позволиха да се проследи регионалната активност на групи от неврони при изпълняване на различни когнитивни задачи от здрави нормални индивиди. Оказа се, че от една страна, някои когнитивни операции като перцепцията на чувана и прочетена вербална информация, активират съвсем различни и локално-ограничени невронни структури, а от друга страна, редица дейности, като напр. мисленето относно значението на дадена дума, активират обширни корови области на лявата хемисфера едновременно във фронталния темпоралния и париеталния дял.
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation – a Pilot Study
Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation – a Pilot Study
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To evaluate the changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDCC) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
To evaluate the changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDCC) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
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The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods.
Images of stretch of functional axis of muscles are hipoechogenic fibers. There is ultrasound effect – the effect of the comb. The assessment of blood vesicles of muscles are accomplishing by colour and power Doppler examination. The examination is made in time of contraction using a 7-10 MHz linear transducer. The ultrasound distinguishment of surrounding tissues (skin, bones and fat) is important. The proved advantages of ultrasound examinations are: harmlessness, protection of slow virus infections, possibility for repeated monitoring, comparable results, low prime cost of results, high advantages in comparing with the other neuroimaging methods. The usage of myosonology in neurology has high sense in inflamed and degerative diseases, tumors, traumas, biopsy and other diagnostic problems.
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7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Correlative Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies
Correlative Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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The 4D ultrasound imaging of the optic nerves and optic discs is a new neuroimaging method, additional to the routine ultrasound investigation.
The 4D ultrasound imaging of the optic nerves and optic discs is a new neuroimaging method, additional to the routine ultrasound investigation. It helps the quick and non-invasive evaluation of the type, location and severity of their structural damage.
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Correlative Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation
Correlative Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and Asymptomatic Ischaemic Disturbances of the Cerebral Circulation
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То evaluate the correlation between the arterial hypertension and changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDSS) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
То evaluate the correlation between the arterial hypertension and changes of carotid arteries and cerebral parenchima in patients with asymptomatic ischaemic disturbances of cerebral circulation (AIDSS) using comparative neurosonographic and neuroimaging studies.
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Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and AIDCC
Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and AIDCC
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Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and AIDCC
Neurosonographic and Neuroimaging Studies in Arterial Hypertension and AIDCC
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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American Society of Neuroimaging
American Society of Neuroimaging
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8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
Bilateral thrombosis of the carotid arteries – clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations
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color-coded duplex scan, neuroimaging methods
color-coded duplex scan, neuroimaging methods
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to perform comparative clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations in chronic bilateral carotid thrombosis and to assess the brain abilities for compensation of the circulation deficit.
to perform comparative clinical, neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging examinations in chronic bilateral carotid thrombosis and to assess the brain abilities for compensation of the circulation deficit.
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The combination of neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods enables to assess the complex relation between the severity, location and predilection of vascular pathology, the efficacy of collateral circulation, morphological brain changes and individual human abilities for brain reorganization in presence of chronic circulation deficit, caused by bilateral carotid thrombosis.
The combination of neurosonological, neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods enables to assess the complex relation between the severity, location and predilection of vascular pathology, the efficacy of collateral circulation, morphological brain changes and individual human abilities for brain reorganization in presence of chronic circulation deficit, caused by bilateral carotid thrombosis.
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9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 1 , , ,

organization, neuroimaging, laboratory services, continuing medical education [4, 43].
organization, neuroimaging, laboratory services, continuing medical education [4, 43].
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In such a unit, a rapid diagnosis is made, confirmed by neuroimaging, followed by early treatment and minimizing residual disability.
based recommendations and prespecified criteria for available resources [11-14, 27, 35, 61]. The location for such a unit in Austria follows a maximum of 90-min isochrones (transport time) to the hospital. In such a unit, a rapid diagnosis is made, confirmed by neuroimaging, followed by early treatment and minimizing residual disability. In addition, prevention, early recognition as well as treatment of complications arising from the stroke are an important domain of SUs. Even within the acute phase, rehabilitation is initiated to be followed by seamless further treatment and neurorehabilitation outside the SU [11-14]. In the SUs it is essential to watch out for: cardiac arrhythmia, dehydration/ fluid overload, electrolyte disturbances, systemic diseases, metabolic management, BP control, intracranial pressure, aspiration pneumonia, body temperature, progression of symptoms. Monitoring for complications such as, secondary haemorrhage, space-occupying oedema, seizures, infections, decubital ulcers, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, etc. is made.
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Independent interpretation of accompanying risk factors and integrated data as a result of specialized biochemical tests, ultrasound diagnostics and neuroimaging methods provide more detailed picture of the prognosis and probability.
Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a medical emergency and must be treated as an „acute cerebrovascular accident”. The risk of subsequent stroke both soon and long after TIA is significantly higher compared with other the population group. Existing clinical scales, as California score, ABCD score and unified ABCD(2) score are easy of access markedly available to identify practical risk management and allow selection of emergency patients with TIA. Independent interpretation of accompanying risk factors and integrated data as a result of specialized biochemical tests, ultrasound diagnostics and neuroimaging methods provide more detailed picture of the prognosis and probability. The modern concept of TIA as a condition requiring emergency has found practical realization in the creation of so-called “TIA Clinic”.
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 2 , , ,

J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

Functional Neuroimaging Methods in the Assessment of
Functional Neuroimaging Methods in the Assessment of
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Duplex ultrasound provides a sensitive and specific evaluation of plaque morphology and mobile structures in the carotid artery lumen which is a significant advantage over other neuroimaging methods [3].
In our clinical cases we excluded any cardiogenic cause for the embolic IS. Patients did not have any previous heart disease and had normal echocardiographies. In both patients FFT were formed by ruptured ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques, which were found intraoperatively. We used CDS and CT of the supraaortal arteries to diagnose FFT. Duplex ultrasound provides a sensitive and specific evaluation of plaque morphology and mobile structures in the carotid artery lumen which is a significant advantage over other neuroimaging methods [3]. When a free-floating cloth in carotid artery is established in most cases an operation is recommended – urgent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or embolectomy because of the great risk of repeating embolic IS [1]. In rare cases treatment only with anticoagulants is considered [1, 5, 13 ]. Endovascular therapy is extremely rare in patients with prior carotid endarterectomy, due to a very high risk of embolization during the procedure [1, 2]. In both our cases we preferred surgical removal of thrombus and ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque aiming prevention of recurrence of IS, an anticoagulant treatment during hospitalization and long-term double antiplatelet therapy.
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Nowadays diagnostics of AD is complex and involves neuropsychology, neuroimaging, laboratory tests and clinical examination,
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent degenerative dementia in most regions of the world, including Europe and Bulgaria [1,15]. It is usually diagnosed in more than half of all dementia cases. Accounting for the global trends for increased life expectancy and aging of the population, an increase of AD prevalence is expected in the forthcoming years [15]. Nowadays diagnostics of AD is complex and involves neuropsychology, neuroimaging, laboratory tests and clinical examination,
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Structural neuroimaging findings correspond to degenerative etiology.
History data for cognitive impairment of different severity, neuropsychological assessment, clinical and neurological examination, provide enough motivation to consider AD and MCI in our cases, according to commonly accepted diagnostic criteria [22, 16]. Structural neuroimaging findings correspond to degenerative etiology. The characteristic FDGPET findings not only support the diagnosis of
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Neuroimaging, clinical case 1 (AD):
Neuroimaging, clinical case 1 (AD):
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Neuroimaging, clinical case 2 (MCI):
Neuroimaging, clinical case 2 (MCI):
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Normal brain aging clinical, immunological, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging features.
Caserta MT, Bannon Y, Fernandez F, Giunta B, Schoenberg MR, Tan J. Normal brain aging clinical, immunological, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging features.
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Clinical Value of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis of Dementia.
Silverman DH, Small GW, Phelps ME. Clinical Value of Neuroimaging in the Diagnosis of Dementia. Sensitivity and Specificity of Regional Cerebral Metabolic and Other Parameters for Early Identification of Alzheimer‘s Disease.
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The Alzheimer‘s Association Neuroimaging Workgroup.
The Alzheimer‘s Association Neuroimaging Workgroup. The use of MRI and PET for clinical diagnosis of dementia & investigation of cognitive impairment. A Consensus Report.
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Functional Neuroimaging Methods in the Assessment of Language Functions in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging Methods in the Assessment of Language Functions in Cognitive Neurology
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cognitive disturbances, functional neuroimaging, language functions
cognitive disturbances, functional neuroimaging, language functions
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The application of functional neuroimaging methods for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience towards overcoming the limitations of structural imaging.
The application of functional neuroimaging methods for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience towards overcoming the limitations of structural imaging. Providing information about the state and dynamics of general and local perfusion, metabolism, or cerebral activity, they are widely applied for evaluation of cognitive and more specifically, language functions. They are the basis of the recent progress in clarifying the structural and functional brain correlates of normal language functions. They are largely applied in diagnostics and follow-up of disorders leading to language disturbances. Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
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Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
The application of functional neuroimaging methods for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience towards overcoming the limitations of structural imaging. Providing information about the state and dynamics of general and local perfusion, metabolism, or cerebral activity, they are widely applied for evaluation of cognitive and more specifically, language functions. They are the basis of the recent progress in clarifying the structural and functional brain correlates of normal language functions. They are largely applied in diagnostics and follow-up of disorders leading to language disturbances. Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
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The application of functional neuroimaging methods (FNM) for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience for overcoming the limitations of structural imaging.
The application of functional neuroimaging methods (FNM) for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience for overcoming the limitations of structural imaging. Providing information about the state and dynamics of general and local perfusion, metabolism, or cerebral activity, they are widely applied in evaluation of cognitive and, more specifically, language functions. They are the basis of the recent progress in clarifying the structural and functional brain correlates of normal language functions. They are largely applied in the diagnostics and follow-up of disorders leading to language disturbances. Conforming to established traditions, aphasic speech phenomena in vascular cerebral lesions are subject to routine assessment but attention toward language pathology in other brain disorders (degenerative, demyelinating, neoplastic, etc.) is increasing. The spectrum of degenerative and cerebrovascular diseases nowadays tends to broaden its boundaries including disorders which have not been characterized by language or other cognitive pathology so far [1, 2, 14, 15, 24, 26, 29, 39, 45,
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Data obtained by functional neuroimaging confirm and elucidate in detail the conception of stages, loci and mechanisms taking part in the production and perception of normal, variant, deviant, and mainly pathological speech.
Data obtained by functional neuroimaging confirm and elucidate in detail the conception of stages, loci and mechanisms taking part in the production and perception of normal, variant, deviant, and mainly pathological speech. Morphological analysis of word forms from spontaneous or provoked speech of patients remains an important component of studies. Neurolinguistic analysis is also realized on the basis of lexical production of patients from different nosological groups. Such complex approach allows the knowledge of anatomic-functional correlates of the processes and subprocesses of lexical production to be expanded by the data obtained from event-related potentials and other neurophysiological methods [34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 70]. Neuroimaging studies of cognitive control in patients with focal brain lesions contribute to the understanding of brain cognitive systems functioning. Two distinct networks with dissociable resting state connectivity patterns have been identified.
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Neuroimaging studies of cognitive control in patients with focal brain lesions contribute to the understanding of brain cognitive systems functioning.
Data obtained by functional neuroimaging confirm and elucidate in detail the conception of stages, loci and mechanisms taking part in the production and perception of normal, variant, deviant, and mainly pathological speech. Morphological analysis of word forms from spontaneous or provoked speech of patients remains an important component of studies. Neurolinguistic analysis is also realized on the basis of lexical production of patients from different nosological groups. Such complex approach allows the knowledge of anatomic-functional correlates of the processes and subprocesses of lexical production to be expanded by the data obtained from event-related potentials and other neurophysiological methods [34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 70]. Neuroimaging studies of cognitive control in patients with focal brain lesions contribute to the understanding of brain cognitive systems functioning. Two distinct networks with dissociable resting state connectivity patterns have been identified. The independence of the network due to a double dissociation of lesion location in two different measures of network integrity can be demonstrated in patients with heterogeneous impairment of the networks: one, of functional correlations among the nods of the network, and the other, of within-node qualities of the network. It is thus becoming clear that the influence of anatomical impairment spreads out of the lesion field but remains within the existing network
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Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
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Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
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Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
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The potential for assessment of the neural mechanisms of motor speech control, motor speech disturbances, and motor speech development is increasing along with the perfection of contemporary neuroimaging techniques.
The potential for assessment of the neural mechanisms of motor speech control, motor speech disturbances, and motor speech development is increasing along with the perfection of contemporary neuroimaging techniques. Applying pauses or silent intervals in volume acquisition or block design, a pronounced activation can be obtained without complementary movements which could mask the activation of sought signals. This approach is effective for studying the neural basis of speech production and the effects of speech and language disorders by fMRI [37].
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Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
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Ultrasound functional neuroimaging methods
Ultrasound functional neuroimaging methods
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Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42].
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Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42]. At the same time, fTDU spectroscopy assures a more understandable picture of changes related to the influence of a given mental stimulus [25, 52].
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This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42]. At the same time, fTDU spectroscopy assures a more understandable picture of changes related to the influence of a given mental stimulus [25, 52].
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As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42]. At the same time, fTDU spectroscopy assures a more understandable picture of changes related to the influence of a given mental stimulus [25, 52].
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Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
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Neuroimaging in brain tumors.
Arbizu J, Dominguez P, Diez-Valle R, Vigil C, Garcia-Eulate R, Zubieta JL, Richter JA. Neuroimaging in brain tumors.
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Long-term cognitive deficits following posterior fossa tumor resection: a neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging follow-up study.
De Smet HJ, Baillieux H, Wackenier P, De PM, Engelborghs S, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, Marien P. Long-term cognitive deficits following posterior fossa tumor resection: a neuropsychological and functional neuroimaging follow-up study.
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Strategies for longitudinal neuroimaging studies of overt language production.
Meltzer JA, Postman-Caucheteux WA, McArdle JJ, Braun AR. Strategies for longitudinal neuroimaging studies of overt language production.
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Progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome presenting as progressive nonfluent aphasia: a neuropsychological and neuroimaging analysis.
Rohrer JD, Paviour D, Bronstein AM, O‘Sullivan SS, Lees A, Warren JD. Progressive supranuclear palsy syndrome presenting as progressive nonfluent aphasia: a neuropsychological and neuroimaging analysis.
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Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
Functional Neuroimaging in Cognitive Neurology
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 2 , , ,

Application of neuroimaging methods contributes to objectify the location, severity and type of damage in the brain parenchyma and its evolution.
The study shows that the diagnosis of enlarged Gerstmann syndrome with hemianopsia and hemineglect requires a multidisciplinary approach and is supported by the combined use of clinical, neuropsychological, neurophysiologic and ophthalmological examinations. The prospective monitoring is important. Application of neuroimaging methods contributes to objectify the location, severity and type of damage in the brain parenchyma and its evolution.
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13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

In 60% of cases with acute carotid dissections the neuroimaging methods detect ischemic changes in the brain parenchyma.
carotid dissection causes ischemic stroke without preceding symptoms and/or symptoms of cerebral edema. The Initial thrombosis can quickly pass into arterial stenosis or spontaneous improvement. Dissection can be completely asymptomatic in case with good collateral circulation or complicated with atherothrombosis, which is a potential source of emboli to the brain. In 60% of cases with acute carotid dissections the neuroimaging methods detect ischemic changes in the brain parenchyma.
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It is proved by different methods clinical, neurophysiologic, pathoanatomic, neuroimaging, etc.
Neurogenic damage of triceps surae muscle is well known in clinical practice. It is proved by different methods clinical, neurophysiologic, pathoanatomic, neuroimaging, etc. Recently noninvasive multimodal neurosonology has been applied to objectify the triceps surae muscle myo architectonics. This muscle is easily accessible for examination and sonography and has a characteristic pattern in healthy subjects at rest and in contraction [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10].
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Together with other neuroimaging techniques, it helps for a more detailed study of these processes and tracks the results of the therapy and rehabilitation.
In recent decades it has been shown that the adult human brain has some capacity for plastic reorganization and functional recovery after injury. TMS is one of modern methods for noninvasive somatotopic cortical localization of motor functions and study of the functional reorganization of affected motor areas. Together with other neuroimaging techniques, it helps for a more detailed study of these processes and tracks the results of the therapy and rehabilitation. The future of TMS is to modify and streamline
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The changes in brain activity can be objectified by appropriate functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods [13].
The traditional concept that the central nervous system (CNS) does not regenerate after injury evolved over the last 15 years. Numerous surveys reveal that even limited, the ability of the human brain to reorganize itself continues throughout life which is associated with brain plasticity on two functional levels: sensorimotor cortex (cortex plasticity) and neural network (neural plasticity). Drug and non-drug effects of treatment model the brain plasticity and facilitate the process of structural and functional brain reorganization which determines the ability of continuous functional recovery following brain injury [32]. The recovery potential increases when combining motor retraining, pharmacotherapy, stimulating techniques and cell therapy [20]. The changes in brain activity can be objectified by appropriate functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods [13].
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Modern neuroimaging technologies allow monitoring of neurophysiologic changes and expand the knowledge about the factors affecting the rehabilitation processes [4].
combined with a therapy program. Dopaminergic and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors improve memory. Benzodiazepines and antipsychotics appear to slow recovery after traumatic brain injury and stroke. Modern neuroimaging technologies allow monitoring of neurophysiologic changes and expand the knowledge about the factors affecting the rehabilitation processes [4].
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Neuroimaging and neurophysiologic methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation) reveal changes in the motor cortex in response to physical exercises.
Most specific deficits (motor, sensory, language) recover at great degree during the first 3 to 6 months after stroke. Probably the most important recovery is the ability to restore self-care activities and mobility. Ideally, stroke rehabilitation should begin within the first 24 hours of stroke, if possible – in a stroke unit [40]. Intensive comprehensive rehabilitation is more useful than lessintense programs [2]. Daily rehabilitation procedures have a better effect than the same number of procedures performed for a longer period of time [45]. Neuroimaging and neurophysiologic methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation) reveal changes in the motor cortex in response to physical exercises. Recent concepts offer an intensive therapy with motor tasks associated with more functional skills. The degree of impairment of the corticospinal tract is a prognostic factor [5]. Various aids are used: canes, walkers, ortheses, etc. The medical team responsible for patients’ condition in the course of rehabilitation watches for occurrence of potential complications and solves problems that may delay the rehabilitation process (dysphagia, incontinency, shoulder pains, spasticity, falls and post-stoke depres-
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14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

Changes in the central nervous system can be objectified with different functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods [1, 7, 15].
It is known that although limited, the ability of the human brain to reorganize continues throughout life which is associated with brain plasticity on two functional levels: sensorimotor cortex (cortical plasticity) and neuronal network (neuronal plasticity). Changes in the central nervous system can be objectified with different functional neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods [1, 7, 15]. Recently, similar studies have established bilateral changes in motor control after stroke in which the participation of non-paretic side is proportional to the severity of brain injury [2, 3, 7, 14] and is associated with functional and
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The presentation of this clinical case, based on the clinical picture (history, clinical symptoms, development) and changes in neuroimaging studies (type of signal abnormalities, location of changes) shows the differential diagnostic prob-
The presentation of this clinical case, based on the clinical picture (history, clinical symptoms, development) and changes in neuroimaging studies (type of signal abnormalities, location of changes) shows the differential diagnostic prob-
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Neuroimaging methods – ultrasound of cerebral intracranial venous circulation and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) are increasingly used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of venous circulation disturbances.
The diagnosis of intracranial venous pathology is difficult. Neuroimaging methods – ultrasound of cerebral intracranial venous circulation and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) are increasingly used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of venous circulation disturbances. Neuroimaging methods have the leading
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Neuroimaging methods have the leading
The diagnosis of intracranial venous pathology is difficult. Neuroimaging methods – ultrasound of cerebral intracranial venous circulation and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) are increasingly used in clinical practice for the diagnosis and monitoring of venous circulation disturbances. Neuroimaging methods have the leading
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Neuroimaging examination of the brain was conducted by 1.5 Tesla MRI (GE HTX SigmaUSA).
Neuroimaging examination of the brain was conducted by 1.5 Tesla MRI (GE HTX SigmaUSA).
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The presentation of this case, based on clinical data (anamnesis, symptoms, progress) and changes in neuroimaging examinations (types of signal abnormalities, localization of changes and association with other abnormalities) demonstrates the differential diagnostic problems [20].
The presentation of this case, based on clinical data (anamnesis, symptoms, progress) and changes in neuroimaging examinations (types of signal abnormalities, localization of changes and association with other abnormalities) demonstrates the differential diagnostic problems [20]. Firstly it is necessary to differentiate thrombosis from thrombophlebitis, in which the cause and primary localization need to be identified. In differential diagnosis we can discuss brain metastases, abscesses, arterio-venous malformations and others [3].
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The combined use of neurosonographic and neuroimaging methods contributes for the prompt diagnosis and long
In conclusion, the diagnosis of cerebral venous pathology is difficult. Final clinical outcome depends on complex interrelation between the etiology, localization, severity and evolution of vascular process, the applied therapy and the existing co-morbidity [3, 4]. The combined use of neurosonographic and neuroimaging methods contributes for the prompt diagnosis and long
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15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 1 , , ,

J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies were performed.
The study was carried out on 47 patients (26 males and 21 females, mean age 63 years), admitted to the Neurology Clinic, University Hospital of Pleven, within the first 24 hours of stroke onset. Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies were performed. Routine biochemical blood parameters and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured on admission of the patients to the clinic.
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Неврорентгенологични показатели / Neuroimaging parameters
Неврорентгенологични показатели / Neuroimaging parameters
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Post-stroke memory function in non-demented patients: a systemic review on frequency and neuroimaging correlates.
Snaphaan L, de Leeuw F-E. Post-stroke memory function in non-demented patients: a systemic review on frequency and neuroimaging correlates.
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journals. Book: “Neurosonology and Neuroimaging of Stroke”, Thieme Publishers, 2008
journals. Book: “Neurosonology and Neuroimaging of Stroke”, Thieme Publishers, 2008
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of Neuroimaging, Journal of Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neurology, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Ultraschall in der Medizin, European Neurology
of Neuroimaging, Journal of Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neurology, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Ultraschall in der Medizin, European Neurology
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

Correlative Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Patients with Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
Correlative Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Patients with Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.
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Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
Poster Session II–2. Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
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neuroimaging, outcome, sICH.
neuroimaging, outcome, sICH.
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Neuroimaging included non-contrast CT or MRI, diffusion and angio MRI.
Two men and one woman, mean age of 61.6, two with MCA occlusion and one with posterior AIS, were treated. Clinical outcome was assessed according to NIHSS and mRS on day 1, 30 and 90. Neuroimaging included non-contrast CT or MRI, diffusion and angio MRI. All patients underwent cerebral angiography and met criteria for endovascular TL. Transcranial duplex scanning was used for haemodynamic assessment of the occlusion and recanalization. Actiyse was infused supraselectively via microcatheter in a mean dose of 38.3 mg. TICI score was documented at the end of the procedure. Post-procedural I.V.
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Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
Poster Session II–2. Non-vascular Ultrasound Neuroimaging and Laser Doppler
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These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
Ocular fundus was not visible on both sides. The 2D/3D/4D eye images showed severe deformation of the left eye with chronic retinal detachment and optic nerve atrophy. The right bulb was fully anechoic, with a normal shape but no images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous. Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern. The EEG repetitive visual stimulation and visual evoked potentials were associated with color hallucinations during and after the investigation (Charles Bonnet syndrome). These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 1 , , ,

These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
Ocular fundus was not visible on both sides. The 2D/3D/4D eye images showed severe deformation of the left eye with chronic retinal detachment and optic nerve atrophy. The right bulb was fully anechoic, with a normal shape but no images of the lens, optic disc and optic nerve were obtained due to silicon filling of the vitreous. Both ophthalmic arteries and veins had normal ultrasound pattern. The EEG repetitive visual stimulation and visual evoked potentials were associated with color hallucinations during and after the investigation (Charles Bonnet syndrome). These findings correlated with neuroimaging studies where normal occipital cortex, optic nerve atrophy and severe eye deformation were found.
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2009 and 2013 is a result of the joint efforts of the different emergency teams and created interdisciplinary algorithm of conduct with 24-hour secured laboratory and neuroimaging tests.
2009 and 2013 is a result of the joint efforts of the different emergency teams and created interdisciplinary algorithm of conduct with 24-hour secured laboratory and neuroimaging tests.
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Neuroimaging studies support the clinical picture.
cerebral edema leading to herniation of cerebral structures through the tentorium or falx and brainstem structures through the foramen magnum. Transtentorial herniation has been cited as the probable cause of death in many cases of malignant stroke [4, 7, 9]. The clinical picture is characterized by changes in consciousness, progressive focal neurologic symptoms and brainstem dysfunction. Neuroimaging studies support the clinical picture. Extensive МСА infarction (more than 50% of its territory) with edema can be identified on СT scans in approximately 70% of the cases [19, 21]. Parenchymal hypodensity in greater than 50% of МСА territory is highly indicative for a progressive clinical course, leading to severe disability or death. lt's assumed that signs for extensive МСА infarction are: hyperdensity of the МСА, parenchymal hypodensity in greater than 1/3 of the МСА territory, hypodensity of basal ganglia. Сlinical trials in patients with malignant МСА infarction show that decompressive craniectomy is life-saving and can significantly reduce mortality [1, 13]. Diagnosis is based on clinical and СT/МRl changes.
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Neuroimaging examination of the brain was conducted by 1.5 Tesla МRl (GE HTХ Sigma
There were many risk factors for cerebrovascular disease: arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity. А pointed laboratory examination of complete blood count, biochemistry and coagulation status was performed. Мain head arteries were examined with Sonix SP (Сanada) by color coded duplex scanning using 7.5 Hz transducer. The thickness of the carotid artery intima-media complex was measured by B-mode imaging in real-time using a standard program for automatic averaging of values. With pulse Doppler sonography speed parameters of blood flow were measured. Neuroimaging examination of the brain was conducted by 1.5 Tesla МRl (GE HTХ Sigma
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ln these patients decompressive craniectomy is indicated and is applied after an exact clinical and neuroimaging evaluation.
Malignant cerebral ischemia occurs in a significant number of patients with acute cerebrovascular incidents. The mortality rate in those patients is very high due to progressive, severe cerebral edema. ln these patients decompressive craniectomy is indicated and is applied after an exact clinical and neuroimaging evaluation. The optimal treatment of brain edema includes osmotherapy with mannitol, blood pressure control, head elevation to 30°, maintenance of normothermia, normoglycemia and normovolemia. lt's considered that the early decompressive craniectomy leads to better
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18. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

BMC Neurology; Reviewer for International Journals: Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Lancet, Neurology, Canadian Association Medical Journal, Journal of Neuroimaging.
BMC Neurology; Reviewer for International Journals: Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Lancet, Neurology, Canadian Association Medical Journal, Journal of Neuroimaging.
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involved as “investigator” in many trials, such as IST, SAINT-I, SPARCL, ECASS III, PROFESS, DIALOGUE; Referee for STROKE, Cerebrovasc Dis, J Neuroimaging, NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCE, Calcified Tissue Tnternational.
involved as “investigator” in many trials, such as IST, SAINT-I, SPARCL, ECASS III, PROFESS, DIALOGUE; Referee for STROKE, Cerebrovasc Dis, J Neuroimaging, NEUROLOGICAL SCIENCE, Calcified Tissue Tnternational.
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Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
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More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
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European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005-2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005-2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Stroke is a dynamic disease, consequently static neuroimaging studies (CT, MRI) characterize this process only partially; ultrasound monitoring in parallel with clinical evaluation offer in-
Stroke is a dynamic disease, consequently static neuroimaging studies (CT, MRI) characterize this process only partially; ultrasound monitoring in parallel with clinical evaluation offer in-
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Neurosonology and Neuroimaging of Stroke.
Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ, Roehl JE, Klingebiel R. Neurosonology and Neuroimaging of Stroke. Stuttgart-New York: Thieme, 2008.
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That why TCS is valuable neuroimaging method for early and differential diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
TCS is a highly sensitive non-invasive ultrasound method for detection of early and highly specific echogenic changes in basal ganglia of patients suffering from some neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s-, Huntington’sand Wilson’s disease, secondary parkinsonian syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxias, some forms of dystonia. Changes of the brainstem raphe echogenicity have been shown to be highly prevalent in patients with unipolaras well depression associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases. That why TCS is valuable neuroimaging method for early and differential diagnosis and follow-up of patients with neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Ultrasonography of the temporal arteries revealed in 70-90% of patients with a clinical suspicion of temporal arteritis, specific sonographic changes: a) circumferent hypoechogenic wall thickening-halo, b) segmental stenosis or occlusion of temporal
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Evidence from clinical, neuroimaging, biochemical and animal studies implicates basal limbic system and BR system involvement in the pathogenesis of the mood disorders, particularly depression.
Evidence from clinical, neuroimaging, biochemical and animal studies implicates basal limbic system and BR system involvement in the pathogenesis of the mood disorders, particularly depression. This is supported by typical TCS finding of low echogenicity or interrupted BR which is normal-
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This assumption was confirmed by recent neuroimaging studies that have showed structural alterations in the basal ganglia of patients with ADHD [23].
One TCS study also showed that “the echogenicity of SN was significantly larger in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with healthy controls (F1.42= 9.298, p=0.004, specificity was 0.73 and sensitivity 0.82), without influence of age or sex” [23]. SN hyperechogenicity in ADHD patients might be explained by a developmental delay followed by structural changes of basal ganglia structures. This assumption was confirmed by recent neuroimaging studies that have showed structural alterations in the basal ganglia of patients with ADHD [23].
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TCS is valuable, reliable and very useful neuroimaging method that has an important place in the early and differential diagnosis of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
TCS is valuable, reliable and very useful neuroimaging method that has an important place in the early and differential diagnosis of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Sonography is also an important additional non-invasive diagnostic method for patients with clinical suspicion for TA that could be also used to guide temporal artery biopsy and to follow-up therapeutic success. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve and retro bulbar
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19. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 1 , , ,

Traditionally the Congress, held under the auspices of the World Stroke Organization (WSO) began with a training course in the field of diagnostics and treatment of acute ischemic stroke, differential diagnosis of stroke and early neuroimaging methods in the acute stage of stroke.
Traditionally the Congress, held under the auspices of the World Stroke Organization (WSO) began with a training course in the field of diagnostics and treatment of acute ischemic stroke, differential diagnosis of stroke and early neuroimaging methods in the acute stage of stroke. The main topics in the programme were related to some major clinical multicenter studies devoted to the etiology, epidemiology and stroke diagnosis. The highlights were on the modern recanalization strategies for acute ischemic stroke – intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis and thrombaspiration. Different ideas were presented in a wide spectrum of interesting topics: “Heart and Brain”, “Neuroimaging Methods”, “Neurorehabilitation”, “Telemedicine”, etc.
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Different ideas were presented in a wide spectrum of interesting topics: “Heart and Brain”, “Neuroimaging Methods”, “Neurorehabilitation”, “Telemedicine”, etc.
Traditionally the Congress, held under the auspices of the World Stroke Organization (WSO) began with a training course in the field of diagnostics and treatment of acute ischemic stroke, differential diagnosis of stroke and early neuroimaging methods in the acute stage of stroke. The main topics in the programme were related to some major clinical multicenter studies devoted to the etiology, epidemiology and stroke diagnosis. The highlights were on the modern recanalization strategies for acute ischemic stroke – intravenous and intraarterial thrombolysis and thrombaspiration. Different ideas were presented in a wide spectrum of interesting topics: “Heart and Brain”, “Neuroimaging Methods”, “Neurorehabilitation”, “Telemedicine”, etc.
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20. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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P23 Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies.
P23 Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies.
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P24 Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum: a Case Report.
P24 Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum: a Case Report.
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Main advantages include the easy applicability, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
Main advantages include the easy applicability, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
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To demonstrate a rare case of congenital basilar artery fenestration using various neuroimaging methods.
To demonstrate a rare case of congenital basilar artery fenestration using various neuroimaging methods.
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TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME: PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
TOLOSA-HUNT SYNDROME: PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES
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To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of various neuroimaging methods in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of various neuroimaging methods in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
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For the final diagnosis prospective clinical and neuroimaging investigations (2D/3D/4D multimodal neurosonology, CT and MRI of the head) were performed.
The present report describes a 35-year-old man with a history of intermittent pain in the left retrobulbar area lasting approximately six months. The disease debuted with a general infectious syndrome, leftsided exophthalmos with transient visual disturbances and local inflammation of the conjunctiva. The condition was considered initially as conjunctivitis, and later – as TolosaHunt syndrome, which was successfully treated with eye drops, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and three courses of corticosteroids. For the final diagnosis prospective clinical and neuroimaging investigations (2D/3D/4D multimodal neurosonology, CT and MRI of the head) were performed.
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The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed left optic disc drusen, slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and thickened intima-media of the left internal carotid artery.
The ophthalmic status at the beginning of the disease showed left-sided retrobulbar pain with mild exophthalmos, edema of the left eyelid, conjunctival injection and restricted horizontal movement of the left eye. Head CT showed a pseudotumor formation in the left medial retrobulbar space with slight swelling of the left optic nerve. Four months later the local neuro-ophthalmic status established mild left exophthalmos, ptosis of the left eyelid, conjunctival hyporeflexia of the left eye and hyposmia associated with CT data for left ethmoid sinusitis. There were found periods of accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), normalized after treatment with corticosteroids. Thyroid hormones and tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen) were within reference ranges. The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed left optic disc drusen, slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and thickened intima-media of the left internal carotid artery. The control MRT/MRA studies performed 6 months after the onset of the disease, established normal brain parenchyma, intracranial vascular system, orbits and retrobulbar spaces. The diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome was based on the criteria of the Intrenational Headache Society.
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The complex use of clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging methods allowed prospective follow-up of the clinical evolution of the syndrome.
Our study confirms that the diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is difficult and based on exclusion of other causes of painful ophthalmoplegia (e.g. orbital pseudotumor, thrombosis of the cavernous sinus, collagenosis, lymphoma, metastasis at al.). The complex use of clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging methods allowed prospective follow-up of the clinical evolution of the syndrome. The multimodal neurosonology has a limited diagnostic value for imaging the retrobulbar granulomatous inflammation but contributes for the noninvasive assessment of the optic disc and optic nerve changes, associated with the disease.
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CLINICAL AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES IN DYSGENESIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM: A CASE REPORT
CLINICAL AND NEUROIMAGING STUDIES IN DYSGENESIS OF CORPUS CALLOSUM: A CASE REPORT
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The aim of our study is to present a clinical case with typical brain neuroimaging findings associated with DCC.
Dysgenesis of corpus callosum (DCC) is a rare anomaly in the development of the neural bands connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It is polyethiologic, with different levels of structural changes and various clinical manifestations. The aim of our study is to present a clinical case with typical brain neuroimaging findings associated with DCC.
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Parallel clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies (MRI and MRI tractography) were conducted in a 23-years old patient with proved DCC.
Parallel clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies (MRI and MRI tractography) were conducted in a 23-years old patient with proved DCC. The results were compared to a brain MRI of a clinically healthy person of the same age.
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This study confirms the characteristic neuroimaging morphological changes in the brain in DCC.
This study confirms the characteristic neuroimaging morphological changes in the brain in DCC. In correlation with clinical and neuropsychological studies, the degree of brain tissue reorganization in different stages of the structural anomaly can also be assessed.
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The presentation of this clinical case based on clinical (medical history, clinical symptoms development), neuroimaging studies and changes in CSF showed differential diagnostic problems.
The presentation of this clinical case based on clinical (medical history, clinical symptoms development), neuroimaging studies and changes in CSF showed differential diagnostic problems.
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21. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 1 , , ,

Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum
Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum
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and Neuroimaging Studies
and Neuroimaging Studies
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Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum*
Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies in Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum*
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The aim of our research is the presentation of a clinical case with typical neuroimaging findings of the brain associated with DCC.
Dysgenesis of the corpus callosum (DCC) is a rare anomaly in the development of the neural bands which connect the two cerebral hemispheres. It is polyethiologic, with different levels of structural changes (partial or complete) and various clinical manifestations (even without symptoms). The aim of our research is the presentation of a clinical case with typical neuroimaging findings of the brain associated with DCC.
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Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies are conducted in parallel in 23-year old patient with proven dysgenesis of the corpus callosum.
Clinical, neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies are conducted in parallel in 23-year old patient with proven dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. The magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the patient’s brain are compared with those of a clinically healthy person of the same age. To emphasize the typical morphologic features of the anomaly diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tractography were also held.
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This clinical case underlines the importance of neuroimaging modalities for the accurate diagnosis of brain anomalies.
This clinical case underlines the importance of neuroimaging modalities for the accurate diagnosis of brain anomalies. Magnetic resonance imaging, along with clinical and neuropsychological studies, can assess the degree of brain tissue reorganization in callosal dysgenesis. MRI tractography displays impaired fiber connectivity between the two hemispheres and heterotopic tracts not present in the healthy control. The existence of such anomalous connections are related to impaired neurocognitive and behavioural development of individuals with DCC.
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The results of the neuroimaging studies of the patient’s brain are compared with those of a clinically healthy male of the same age.
For the aim of the study, the patient underwent clinical, neurological and neuropsychological studies, EEG, visual and auditory evoked potential tests. The brain parenchyma is evaluated with magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) and tractography. The results of the neuroimaging studies of the patient’s brain are compared with those of a clinically healthy male of the same age. In order to find additional anomalies an echocardiography, pharyngoscopy, audiometry and neuroophtalmic studies were made.
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Modern diagnosis is based on the neuroimaging, of which magnetic resonance imaging of the brain along with MR tractography have a leading role.
ence of any additional anomalies. Modern diagnosis is based on the neuroimaging, of which magnetic resonance imaging of the brain along with MR tractography have a leading role.
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Clinical and neuroimaging studies in dysgenesis of corpus callosum: case report.
Adam G, Korkova A, Stoyanova E, Genova K, Tititanova E. Clinical and neuroimaging studies in dysgenesis of corpus callosum: case report. First national congress of the Bulgarian Society of Neurosonoly and Cerebral Hemodynamics, 2015, Oct 2-4, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies*
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies*
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To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of various neuroimaging methods in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
To demonstrate the diagnostic abilities of various neuroimaging methods in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
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For the final diagnosis prospective clinical and neuroimaging investigations (2D/3D/4D multimodal neurosonology, CT and MRI of the head) were performed.
The present report describes a 35-year-old man with a history of intermittent pain in the left retrobulbar area lasting approximately six months. The disease debuted with a general infectious syndrome, left-sided exophthalmos with transient visual disturbances and local inflammation of the conjunctiva. The condition was considered initially as conjunctivitis, and later – as Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, which was successfully treated with eye drops, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and corticosteroids. For the final diagnosis prospective clinical and neuroimaging investigations (2D/3D/4D multimodal neurosonology, CT and MRI of the head) were performed.
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The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed left optic disc drusen, slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and thickened intima-media of the left internal carotid artery.
The ophthalmic status at the beginning of the disease showed left-sided retrobulbar pain with mild exophthalmos, edema of the left eyelid, conjunctival injection and restricted horizontal movement of the left eye. Head CT showed a pseudotumor formation in the left medial retrobulbar space with slight swelling of the left optic nerve. Four months later the local neuro-ophthalmic status established mild left exophthalmos, ptosis of the left eyelid, conjunctival hyporeflexia of the left eye and hyposmia associated with CT data for left ethmoid sinusitis. There were found periods of accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), normalized after treatment with corticosteroids. Thyroid hormones and tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and prostate specific antigen) were within reference ranges. The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed left optic disc drusen, slightly increased diameters of the left optic nerve/sheath complex and thickened intima-media of the left internal carotid artery. The control MRT/MRA studies performed 6 months after the onset of the disease, established normal brain parenchyma, intracranial vascular system, orbits and retrobulbar spaces. The diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome was based on the criteria of the Intrenational Hedache Society.
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Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
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The wide differential diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome requires taking an accurate history, conducting prospective clinical, paraclinical and neuroimaging studies (CT and/or MRI).
The wide differential diagnosis of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome requires taking an accurate history, conducting prospective clinical, paraclinical and neuroimaging studies (CT and/or MRI). Recently the neuro-ophthalmo-sonology has been applied as a fast and highly informative method for imaging normal and pathological eye structures aiding to distinguish the ophthalmological from the neuro-ophthalmological symptoms and syndromes [1, 2, 10].
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Afterward he was examined three times by performing control and neuroimaging studies.
retrobulbar area lasting approximately six months. The disease debuted with a general infectious syndrome, left-sided exophthalmos with transient visual disturbances and local inflammation of the conjunctiva [12]. The patient was hospitalized in the Clinic of Ophthalmology and diagnosed with acute inflammation of the orbit. There were performed parallel clinical, paraclinical and ophthalmic research. Afterward he was examined three times by performing control and neuroimaging studies. It was made a CT brain and orbits scan with contrast and MRI of the head with MR – angiography. Multimodal neuroophthalmo-sonography with 2D/3D/4D imaging of the vitreous body, optic disc was performed, standard measurement of the complex optic nerve/sheath diameters and their ratio in 3 mm behind the globe, retrobulbar space and B-flow imaging of the ophthalmic and central retinal artery [2]. The patient was treated successfully with eye drops, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics and corticosteroids.
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Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
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The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed optic disc drusen on the left side
The multimodal ultrasound neuroimaging showed optic disc drusen on the left side
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Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies
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The combined use of clinical, para-clinical and neuroimaging methods (CT with contrast, MRI with MR – angiography) enables the diagnosis and monitoring the disease.
the blood sugar and thyroid hormones [3, 7, 8, 9]. The combined use of clinical, para-clinical and neuroimaging methods (CT with contrast, MRI with MR – angiography) enables the diagnosis and monitoring the disease. Multimodal neurosonology helps to assess the optic bulb, optical disk and optic nerve, however, they have limited possibilities in the study of retrobulbar processes.
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Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies.
Vladimirov T, Farandzha D, Dimitrova Tz, Titianova E. TolosaHunt Syndrome. Prospective Clinical and Neuroimaging Studies.
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22. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 2 , , ,

After 1990, with the improvement of neuroimaging methods (CAТ, MRI), HIFU usage as a therapeutic method in neurology has been on the increase.
After 1990, with the improvement of neuroimaging methods (CAТ, MRI), HIFU usage as a therapeutic method in neurology has been on the increase. Precise focusing of the ultrasound in the target zone became possible by coupling the focused ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging (Magnetic-resonance guided Focused ultrasound surgery, MRgFUS), used for the first time in neurosurgery. Magnetic resonance allows also for precise real-time termography [8, 9, 23]. In 2004 US Food and Drug Administration approved MRgFUS for treatment of uterine fibroids, in 2012
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with conventional neuroimaging, for both intracranial and extracranial segments in the same session.
with conventional neuroimaging, for both intracranial and extracranial segments in the same session. Moreover, new advances for examining the entire intracranial segment have been made even with only transcranial Doppler (TCD) with new software. The use of extracranial color-coded duplex (EDS) and transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) imaging has further enhanced VA, BA and PCA tract imaging and thereby increased diagnostic sensitivity [11]. TCCD has a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 94% in patients with basilar or vertebral arteries diseases.
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The classic definition of TIA based on time duration has been largely replaced by tissue rather than time, what points out the importance of early neuroimaging evaluation.
About 20% of ischaemic strokes are closely preceded by a TIA. The classic definition of TIA based on time duration has been largely replaced by tissue rather than time, what points out the importance of early neuroimaging evaluation.
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This case emphasizes that ischemic and hemorrhagic manifestations of cerebrovascular diseases often coexist, and if the neuroimaging methods dominantly show hemorrhagic lesions, in elderly, CAA should be suspected, considering that early diagnosis may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications.
This case emphasizes that ischemic and hemorrhagic manifestations of cerebrovascular diseases often coexist, and if the neuroimaging methods dominantly show hemorrhagic lesions, in elderly, CAA should be suspected, considering that early diagnosis may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Moya-moya disease, neuroimaging, stroke.
Moya-moya disease, neuroimaging, stroke.
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23. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 2 , , ,

More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
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European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005-2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005-2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
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More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
More than 220 publications; Reviewer for Stroke, Cerebrovascular Diseases, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Journal of Neuroimaging, European Journal of Ultrasound, etc.
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European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005–2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
European Society of Neurosonology and Hemodynamics (President 2005–2009); Neurosonology Research Group of the World Federation of Neurology (Executive Committee Member until 2009); American Academy of Neurology; American Society of Neuroimaging; Austrian Society of Neurology; Honorary member, Bulgarian Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics.
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The Swiss painter Paul Klee said: “Art does not reproduce the visible; rather it makes the invisible, visible.” Modern neuroscience has the privilege to investigate the processes of artistic performance in a healthy brain by means of modern techniques such as functional neuroimaging.
Art is a product of human creativity. It is a superior skill that can be learned by study, practice and observation. By means of art it is possible to record or describe objects, events and moments, but it is also possible to express feelings, opinions and attitudes. The Swiss painter Paul Klee said: “Art does not reproduce the visible; rather it makes the invisible, visible.” Modern neuroscience has the privilege to investigate the processes of artistic performance in a healthy brain by means of modern techniques such as functional neuroimaging. Not so long ago scientists could only speculate what brain functions are involved in artistic processes by observing neurological patients. In the process of explaining the secret of creativity, a simplified theory starts with the known fact of cerebral hemisphere dominance; uncreative people have marked hemispheric dominance and creative people have less marked hemispheric dominance [16, 28]. The right hemisphere is specialized, among other functions, for metaphoric thinking, for playfulness, solution finding and synthesizing. It is the center of visualization, imagination and conceptualization, but the left hemisphere is still needed for artistic work to achieve balance by partly suppressing creative states of the right hemisphere and for the executive part of a creative process. Numerous studies investigating the brain function during the visual art activities
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Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) is a non-invasive, low-cost, short-duration neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with movement disorders.
Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) is a non-invasive, low-cost, short-duration neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with movement disorders. With contemporary high-end ultrasound systems, image resolution of echogenic deep brain structures can even be higher on TCS than on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN), a TCS finding seen in about 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), is already present in presymptomatic disease stages and indicates an increased risk of developing PD, especially if present in combination with other risk markers. The TCS finding of SN hyperechogenicity well discriminates PD from other Parkinsonian disorders such as multiple-system atrophy and welding-related Parkinsonism. In turn, normal SN echogenicity in combination with lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity indicates an atypical Parkinsonian syndrome rather than PD with a specificity of more than 95%. TCS detects characteristic basal ganglia changes also in other movement disorders such as lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity in idiopathic dystonia and Wilson's disease and caudate nucleus hyperechogenicity in Huntington's disease.
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Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma is a non-invasive neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with degenerative brain diseases [8].
Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma is a non-invasive neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with degenerative brain diseases [8]. Beside transtemporal axial and coronal imaging planes also transfrontal sagittal planes can be applied for special diagnostic purposes [9]. Hyperechogenicity of substantia nigra (SN), found in about 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), is already present in presymptomatic disease stages. The results of longitudinal studies suggest that TCS of SN may serve as a screening tool for detecting subjects at risk of developing PD [2, 3]. Studies of our and other groups show that the combination of TCS with simple olfaction and motor tests already at very early disease stages discriminates PD from other Parkinsonian disorders. In turn, normal SN echogenicity in combination with lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity indicates an atypical Parkinsonian syndrome rather than PD with a specificity of more than 95% [2, 10].
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The neurogenic damage of calf muscles are proved by different methods – clinical, neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, etc. [17].
It is a common late complication of diabetes, often manifested as a symmetric sensorimotor and autonomic neuropathy. Histological studies show neurogenic muscular atrophy with signs of chronic denervation and reinervation – angular small muscle fibers, muscle fibers type “target”, grouping of muscle fibers in the form of bundle atrophy. The neurogenic damage of calf muscles are proved by different methods – clinical, neurophysiologic, neuroimaging, etc. [17]. The simultaneous usage of EMG and myosonography helps for evaluation of the severity of peripheral nerves damage and the changes in cross-striated muscles that could contribute to distinguish primary from secondary myogenic lesions in peripheral neuropathy [8]. Myosonographic patterns in low extremity neuropathy demonstrate bundle atrophy with mild to severe involvement of both lateral heads of triceps surae muscle, which correlates with the
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24. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 1 , , ,

Neuroimaging methods: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
Neuroimaging methods: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
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Main advantages include the easy applicability, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
Main advantages include the easy applicability, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new neuroimaging method which displays tissue echogenicity (intensity of reflected ultrasound waves) of the brain through the intact skull.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new neuroimaging method which displays tissue echogenicity (intensity of reflected ultrasound waves) of the brain through the intact skull.
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Numerous evidence from neuroimaging, biochemical and animal studies implicates basal limbic system and raphe nuclei involment in the
Numerous evidence from neuroimaging, biochemical and animal studies implicates basal limbic system and raphe nuclei involment in the
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(e.g. tremulous or agitated) patients, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques (metal in the body as a limitation for MRI imaging, specific medication as a limitation for many forms of functional neuroimaging), and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
(e.g. tremulous or agitated) patients, the fact that it is quick and repeatedly performable with no limitations as known from other neuroimaging techniques (metal in the body as a limitation for MRI imaging, specific medication as a limitation for many forms of functional neuroimaging), and that it is relatively cheap and side effect free.
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25. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 2 , , ,

Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Wong LK, Douville C, Razumovsky AY, Koroshetz WJ, Kaps M, Tegeler CH; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee.
Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Wong LK, Douville C, Razumovsky AY, Koroshetz WJ, Kaps M, Tegeler CH; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee. Practice standards for transcranial Doppler ultrasound: part I – test performance.
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Tegeler CH, Newell DN, Lumsden A, Garami Z, Levy CR, Wong LK, Douville C, Kaps M, Tsivgoulis G; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee.
Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Tegeler CH, Newell DN, Lumsden A, Garami Z, Levy CR, Wong LK, Douville C, Kaps M, Tsivgoulis G; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee. Practice standards for transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. Part II. Clinical indications and expected outcomes.
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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Neuroimaging Clinics
Neuroimaging Clinics
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J Neuroimaging
J Neuroimaging
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The clinical presentation and neurological topical diagnosis are analyzed in the context of the relevant differential diagnosis, use of advanced neuroimaging methods and role of emergency neurosonographic evaluation.
The clinical presentation and neurological topical diagnosis are analyzed in the context of the relevant differential diagnosis, use of advanced neuroimaging methods and role of emergency neurosonographic evaluation. The importance of the time-window organization in the acute neurological settings, criteria for choosing one or another neuro-interventional approach or thrombolytic therapy are stressed. The outcome treatment results are followed up for a period from three months to five years for some patients.
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26. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 15, 2019, No. 1 , , ,

After a neurological consultation and head and brain neuroimaging performed, the patient was admitted to the Second Clinic of Neurology.
A 53-year-old woman was admitted to the Emergency Department of UMHAT “St. Marina” Varna with sudden loss of consciousness, urinary and bowel incontinence, right-sided hemiparesis and aphasia. Her relatives denied any past illnesses and drug intake. After a neurological consultation and head and brain neuroimaging performed, the patient was admitted to the Second Clinic of Neurology.
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Based on the clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging studies, the patient was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke.
The head CT on admission revealed normal corticomedullary differentiation and absence of focal lesions in the brain parenchyma. Based on the clinical, laboratory and neuroimaging studies, the patient was diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke. Considering that the patient was admitted in the time window for specific treatment of acute ischemic stroke, intravenous thrombolysis was considered. The absence of risk factors, the young age, and the symptoms from the respiratory and cardiovascular system, gave us the reason to conduct additional studies before the beginning of the specific treatment. Тhe patient underwent and emergency echocardiography and chest CT, both describing a formation with approximate size
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Twenty-four hours after the accident onset, another neuroimaging study (computed tomography of the head) was performed, describing new acute ischemic zones in the arterial territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), superior cerebellar artery (SCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) on the left side (Fig.
Twenty-four hours after the accident onset, another neuroimaging study (computed tomography of the head) was performed, describing new acute ischemic zones in the arterial territory of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), superior cerebellar artery (SCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and middle cerebral artery (MCA) on the left side (Fig. 3 and 4). Because of the presence of several ischemic areas in the brain parenchyma, the lack of accompanying diseases and risk factors, and the findings of the chest CT, thromboembolism due to left atrial myxoma was discussed.
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