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Also try: transcranial color duplex sonography, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial Doppler sonography, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial color-coded duplex-scan,

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700 results of 29 texts with exact phrase : 'transcranial'.

1. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, Vol. 1, 2005 , , ,

transcranial duplex-scan in neurology
transcranial duplex-scan in neurology
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Clinical Application of Transcranial Colour-Coded Duplex Sonography in Neurology
Clinical Application of Transcranial Colour-Coded Duplex Sonography in Neurology
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Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography is a relatively new non-invasive method for imaging both the intracranial circulation and the parenchymal structures of the brain.
Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography is a relatively new non-invasive method for imaging both the intracranial circulation and the parenchymal structures of the brain. It allows multiple investigation, follow up and evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy in patients with various brain diseases cerebral infarctions, intracerebral haematomas, cerebral oedema, stenoses and aneurysms of the basal cerebral arteries, arterio-venous malformations, thrombosis of cerebral veins, brain tumors and some neurodegenerative diseases. The article summarises the update knowledge concerning the clinical application of this method in neurology.
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clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography.
clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography.
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Clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography
Clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography
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Clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography
Clinical application, neurology, transcranial color duplex sonography
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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A validation study on the interobserver reproducibility of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography velocity measurements.
Baumgartner R, Mathias J, Sturzenegger M, Mattle H. A validation study on the interobserver reproducibility of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography velocity measurements.
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Transcranial duplex monitoring discloses hemorrhagic complications following rtPA thrombolysis.
Kaps M, Seidel G, Gerriets T, Traupe H. Transcranial duplex monitoring discloses hemorrhagic complications following rtPA thrombolysis.
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Comparison of transcranial colour-coded sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in acute stroke.
Kenton A, Martin P, Abbort R, Moody A. Comparison of transcranial colour-coded sonography and magnetic resonance angiography in acute stroke.
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Assessment of the posterior communicating artery by transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography.
Klotzsch C, Popescu O, Berlit P. Assessment of the posterior communicating artery by transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography.
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Disgnosis of MCA-occlusion and monitoring of systemic thrombolytic therapy with contrast enhanced transcranial duplex-sonography.
Maurer M, Mullges W, Becker G. Disgnosis of MCA-occlusion and monitoring of systemic thrombolytic therapy with contrast enhanced transcranial duplex-sonography.
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Contrast-enhanced transcranial colour \-coded sonography in acute hemispheric brain infarction.
Postert T, Braun B, Meves et al. Contrast-enhanced transcranial colour \-coded sonography in acute hemispheric brain infarction.
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Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography in childhood and adolescence .Age dependence of flow velocities and waveform
Schoning M, Staab M, Walter J, Niemann G. Transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography in childhood and adolescence .Age dependence of flow velocities and waveform
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Visualization of the basilar artery by transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography:comparison with postmortem results.
Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Droste D, Popa V, et al. Visualization of the basilar artery by transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography:comparison with postmortem results.
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Comparison of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography and cranial CT measurements for determining third ventricle midline shift in space-occupying stroke.
Stolz E, Gerriets T, Fiss I, Babacan S, Seidel G, Kaps M. Comparison of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography and cranial CT measurements for determining third ventricle midline shift in space-occupying stroke.
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Clinical application of transcranial colourduplex sonography a review.
Zipper S, Stolz E. Clinical application of transcranial colourduplex sonography a review.
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The use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) with monitoring of the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) gives possibility for noninvasive evaluation of the autoregulatory response when assessing the cerebral autoregulation (CA).
The use of transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) with monitoring of the mean flow velocity (MFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) gives possibility for noninvasive evaluation of the autoregulatory response when assessing the cerebral autoregulation (CA). Different stimuli for alteration of the mean blood pressure (MBP) during the autoregulatory tests have been applied: thigh cuff, Valsalva, carotid compression, neck suction, orthostatic stress, cognitive tasks. CA could also be examined by calculation of the phase shift between the spontaneous oscillations of the MBP and the MFV in the MCA.
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Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
2, Arenillas J, Molina C, Montaner J, Abilleira S, Gonzales-Sanches M, Alvares-Sabin J. Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis: a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Transcranial Doppler is valid for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation.
Larsen FS, Olsen KS, Hansen BA, Paulson OB, Knudsen GM. Transcranial Doppler is valid for determination of the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation.
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Reduced cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in CADASIL: A transcranial Doppler sonography study.
Pfefferkorn T, von Struckrad-Barre S, Herzog J, Gasser T, Hamann G, Dichgans M. Reduced cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity in CADASIL: A transcranial Doppler sonography study.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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H. Acetazolamide vasoreactivity in vascular dementia and persistent vegetative state evaluated by transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging and Doppler sonography.
H. Acetazolamide vasoreactivity in vascular dementia and persistent vegetative state evaluated by transcranial harmonic perfusion imaging and Doppler sonography.
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Visually evoked blood flow response assessed by simultaneous two-channel transcranial Doppler using flow velocity averaging.
Sturzenegger M, Newell D, Aaslid R. Visually evoked blood flow response assessed by simultaneous two-channel transcranial Doppler using flow velocity averaging.
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Can transcranial Doppler really detect reduced cerebral parfusion states.
Y., Fujishima, M. Can transcranial Doppler really detect reduced cerebral parfusion states.
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Orthostatic dysregulation in progressive autonomic failure: a transcranial Doppler sonographiy monitoring.
Titinova E, Karakaneva S, Velcheva I. Orthostatic dysregulation in progressive autonomic failure: a transcranial Doppler sonographiy monitoring.
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Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring.
Velcheva I, Titianova E, Alexandrova D, Damianov P. Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In : Annual proceedings.
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Transcranial Doppler and Near –Infrared Spectroscopy Can Evaluate the Hemodynamic Effect of Carotid Artery Occlusion.
Vernieri F, Tibuzzi F, Pasqualetti P, RosatoN, Passarelli F, Rossini PM, Silvestrini M. Transcranial Doppler and Near –Infrared Spectroscopy Can Evaluate the Hemodynamic Effect of Carotid Artery Occlusion.
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Transcranial Doppler CO2 test for the detection of hemodynamically critical carotid artery stenoses and occlusions.
Widder B, Paulat K, Hacksprachner J, Mayer E. Transcranial Doppler CO2 test for the detection of hemodynamically critical carotid artery stenoses and occlusions.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg, 60, 1984: 37-41.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg, 60, 1984: 37-41.
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2. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 1, 2005, No. 2 , , ,

Duplex and transcranial ultrasound examination is most often used in everyday practice.
also used: duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA) and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA). Duplex and transcranial ultrasound examination is most often used in everyday practice. It is less expensive, reliable and suitable for bedside diagnosis. The most common sites for plaque formation – the origin of the common carotid artery (12.4%), the internal carotid artery (ICA) just above the bifurcation (22.3%), the origin of the middle cerebral artery (4.1%) and the basilar artery (8.7%) – can be examined in large majority of patients.
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Transcranial Doppler monitoring of microembolic signals (MES) in both middle cerebral arteries was performed.
symptomatic. The following risk factors – diabetes, smoking, hyperlipidemia, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and peripheral artery diseases were recorded. Transcranial Doppler monitoring of microembolic signals (MES) in both middle cerebral arteries was performed. The relationship between MES and the presence of the risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases was studied.
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Microembolic signals with serial transcranial doppler monitoring in acute focal ischemic deficit.
Del Sette M, Angeli S, Stara I, Finocchi C, Gandolfo C. Microembolic signals with serial transcranial doppler monitoring in acute focal ischemic deficit. A local phenomenon?
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Frequency and determinants of microembolic signals on transcranial doppler in unselected patients with acute carotid territory ischemia.
Koennecke H, Mast H, Trocio S. Frequency and determinants of microembolic signals on transcranial doppler in unselected patients with acute carotid territory ischemia.
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Transcranial Doppler-detected microemboli in patients with acute stroke.
Tong D, Albers G. Transcranial Doppler-detected microemboli in patients with acute stroke.
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Transcranial doppler detected cerebral microemboli in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and in healthy elderly volunteers.
Watkins S, Levi C, Grosset D, Donnan G. Transcranial doppler detected cerebral microemboli in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and in healthy elderly volunteers.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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3. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 1 , , ,

Fokal Epilepsy with Frequent Seizures Treated by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Fokal Epilepsy with Frequent Seizures Treated by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Treated by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Treated by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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focal epilepsy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, treatment
focal epilepsy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, treatment
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A favorable effect of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), is discribed in several publications in the literature.
A favorable effect of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), is discribed in several publications in the literature. We have applied rTMS in a case of epilepsy with very frequent secondary generalized seizures (in the last 3 months average 3 times a day). The beginning was in the early infant age, and at first the seizures have been partial at right. With the age they became generalized, and sometimes complex seizures have been observed by relatives. The neurological examination proved only a latent right-sided hemiparesis. There were focal signs as picks on the left site trace in a former EEG, and in the last one-slow-wave activity was presented.
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Slow – frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with focal corticaldyplasia.
Menkes DL, Gruenthal M. Slow – frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with focal corticaldyplasia.
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Lowfrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves in tractable epilepsy,
Tergau F, Naumann U, Paulus W, Steinhoff BJ. Lowfrequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves in tractable epilepsy,
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MCA thrombosis, transcranial Doppler sonography
MCA thrombosis, transcranial Doppler sonography
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The magnetic resonance imaging registers ischemic zones in the right cerebral hemisphere and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) reveals thrombosis of the sphenoid part of the right MCA, confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).
The case report represents a 43-year-old man with acute ischemic cerebral stroke in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory related to arterial hypertension, thrombosis of the origine of the right MCA and long-lasting risk factors-smoking, alcohol abuse and stress. The clinical examination reveals a mild left-sided hemiparesis, left facial palsy and left hemihypesthesia, which undergo improvement and complete recovery one year after the incident. In the acute stage of stroke a subcortical lacunar infarction in the right hemisphere (motor region) is proved by a CT scan. The magnetic resonance imaging registers ischemic zones in the right cerebral hemisphere and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) reveals thrombosis of the sphenoid part of the right MCA, confirmed by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). On the 17th day from the stroke onset some initial recanalization of the MCA is detected by TCD and one year later a complete racanalization is observed.
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Camerlingo M, Casto L,Gensori B, et al Transcranial Dopplers in acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery territories.
Camerlingo M, Casto L,Gensori B, et al Transcranial Dopplers in acute ischemic stroke of the middle cerebral artery territories.
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Transcranial Doppler evaluation of middle cerebral artery stenosis.
DeBray JM, Joseph PA, Jeanvoine H, Maugin D, Dauzat M, Plassard F. Transcranial Doppler evaluation of middle cerebral artery stenosis.
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4. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2006, No. 2 , , ,

Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Combined with the Vasodilatory Tests
Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography Combined with the Vasodilatory Tests
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[1] introduced a pulsed transcranial Doppler system (TCD) using a low frequency (2 MHz) transducer that enabled recordings of the blood flow velocities (BFV) from intracranial arteries through selected cranial foramina and thin regions of the skull (ultrasonic windows).
In 1982 R. Aaslid et al. [1] introduced a pulsed transcranial Doppler system (TCD) using a low frequency (2 MHz) transducer that enabled recordings of the blood flow velocities (BFV) from intracranial arteries through selected cranial foramina and thin regions of the skull (ultrasonic windows). TCD, like extracranial Doppler, is based on the principle that ultrasonic signals reflected off moving objects (erythrocytes) demonstrate a change of frequency, which is shifted in direct proportion to the velocity of the moving object [2]. It is a reliable, noninvasive technique for measuring BFV in the major arteries at the base of the brain and with portable, relatively inexpensive equipment. TCD has now become one of the most important tools for the evaluation of the cerebral vasculature.
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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid A, Markwalder T, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocities in basal cerebral arteries.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Bornstein NM. Transcranial Doppler. In: Bernstein EF, Callow AD, Nicolaides AN, Shifrin ED (eds). Cerebral revascularisation. Med-Orion Publishing Company, Nicosia, 1993, 85-91.
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A comparison of transcranial Dopplervand cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity.
Dahl A, Lindegaard K-F, Russel D et al. A comparison of transcranial Dopplervand cerebral blood flow studies to assess cerebral vasoreactivity.
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Cerebral vasoreactivity assessed with transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral blood flow measurements: dose, serum concentration, and time of the response to acetazolamide.
Dahl A, Russell D, Rootwelt K et al. Cerebral vasoreactivity assessed with transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral blood flow measurements: dose, serum concentration, and time of the response to acetazolamide.
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Acetazolamide stimulation test in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery obstructions using transcranial Doppler and 99mTcHMPAO-SPECT.
Rosenkranz K, Hierholzer J, Langer R et al. Acetazolamide stimulation test in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery obstructions using transcranial Doppler and 99mTcHMPAO-SPECT.
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Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis.
Silvestrini M, Troisi E, Matteis M et al. Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebrovascular reactivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis.
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ischemic stroke, transcranial Doppler sonography, thrombolysis,
ischemic stroke, transcranial Doppler sonography, thrombolysis,
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Using transcranial Doppler US it is possible to identify the signals of disturbed circulation and by mechanical action of US to increase the surface of t-PA action over the thrombosis.
Based on numerous studies in the last three decades, research in improvement of the acute stroke thrombolysis (TL) efficacy has been directed in the way of natural fusion of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound (US). Using transcranial Doppler US it is possible to identify the signals of disturbed circulation and by mechanical action of US to increase the surface of t-PA action over the thrombosis. US energy could be applied for pure mechanical TL as well as for enhancing enzyme-mediated TL. Sonothrombolysis (STL) is more effective if combined with contrast agents. Microbubble agents accelerate drug pharmacodynamics at the site and improve mechanical dissolution of a thrombus. Low frequency and high intensity intracranial US insonation (between 20 KHz and 1 МHz; 1-35 W/сm
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Терапевтичният УЗ с нискочестотна (КHz) система е изпитван в проучването Transcranial LowFrequency Ultrasound-Medicated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia – TRUMBI [16].
71.4 KHz (с 7% до общ ТЛ ефект от 60%) [10]. Терапевтичният УЗ с нискочестотна (КHz) система е изпитван в проучването Transcranial LowFrequency Ultrasound-Medicated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia – TRUMBI [16]. Това е първото мултицентрово клинично проучване от 6 германски университетски центъра за оценка на безопасността на t-PA, плюс нискочестотен УЗ (300 kHz), при лечение на ИМИ [16]. Изследването е било преустановено, след като при 5 от 26 пациенти в целевата група (36%) са регистрирани симптоматични хеморагии чрез ЯМР, без ефективна ранна реканализация или клинична разлика в изхода на 3-я месец [16]. Това изследване демонстрира биоефектите на средно-килохерцните УЗ емисии за индуциране на симптоматични кръвоизливи, включително в зони, които не са били засегнати от исхемия.
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(Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain Ischemia using transcranial Ultrasound and Systematic TPA) [5, 10] е изследване, в което са рандомизирани 126 пациенти с ИМИ.
(Combined Lysis of Thrombus in Brain Ischemia using transcranial Ultrasound and Systematic TPA) [5, 10] е изследване, в което са рандомизирани 126 пациенти с ИМИ. То доказа, че продължителното ТДС мониториране (общо 2 часа) чрез 2-МHz диагностична сонда, с мощност 750 mW, постоянни ъгъл и местоположение на инсонация, при дълбочина – мястото с найлош остатъчен ток по TIBI скалата, има положителен ефект върху първичните крайни цели. Не установява повишаване на честотата на хеморагичните мозъчни усложнения при ТЛ на болни с ИМИ и демонстрира тенденция за подобро възстановяване след ИМИ спрямо болните с плацебо [5]. Резултатите от изследването на Alexandrov и сътр. показват, че 2-часовото ТДС мониториране на СМА при болни с ИМИ е без сериозни странични ефекти и усилва индуцираната от t-PA реканализиция (на 2-я час
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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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High Rate of Complete Recanalization and Dramatic Clinical Recovery During tPA Infusion When Continuously Monitored With 2-MHz Transcranial Doppler Monitoring.
Alexandrov AV, Demchuk AM, Felberg RA, Christou I, Barber PA, Burgin WS, Malkoff M, Wojner AW, Grotta JC. High Rate of Complete Recanalization and Dramatic Clinical Recovery During tPA Infusion When Continuously Monitored With 2-MHz Transcranial Doppler Monitoring.
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Transcranial ultrasound-improved thrombolysis: diagnostic vs.
Behrens S, Spengos K, Daffertshofer M, Schroeck H, Dempfle CE, Hennerici M. Transcranial ultrasound-improved thrombolysis: diagnostic vs. therapeutic ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Recanalization After Thrombolysis for Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.
Burgin WS, M Malkoff, RA Felberg, AM Demchuk, I Christou, JC Grotta, AV Alexandrov. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Criteria for Recanalization After Thrombolysis for Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke.
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Timing of Recanalization After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy Determined by Transcranial Doppler Correlates With Clinical Recovery From Ischemic Stroke.
Christou I, Alexandrov AV, Burgin WS, Wojner AW, Felberg RA, Malkoff M, Grotta JC. Timing of Recanalization After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy Determined by Transcranial Doppler Correlates With Clinical Recovery From Ischemic Stroke.
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Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial untrasound in swine.
Culp WC, Porter TR, Lowery J et al. Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial untrasound in swine.
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Transcranial Low-Frequency Ultrasound-Mediated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia: Increased Risk of Hemorrhage With Combined Ultrasound and Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial.
Daffertshofer M, Gass A, Ringleb P, Sitzer M, Sliwka U, Els T, Sedlaczek O, Koroshetz WJ, Hennerici MG. Transcranial Low-Frequency Ultrasound-Mediated Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia: Increased Risk of Hemorrhage With Combined Ultrasound and Tissue Plasminogen Activator: Results of a Phase II Clinical Trial.
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Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) Transcranial Doppler Flow Grades Predict Clinical Severity, Early Recovery, and Mortality in Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
Demchuk AM, Burgin WS, Christou I, Felberg RA, Barber PA, Hill MA, Alexandrov AV. Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia (TIBI) Transcranial Doppler Flow Grades Predict Clinical Severity, Early Recovery, and Mortality in Patients Treated With Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
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In Vitro Models for Assessing Transcranial Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis* Response.
Meairs S, Dempfle C-E, Pfaffenberger S, Speidl WS, Wojta J, Gottsauner-Wolf, M. In Vitro Models for Assessing Transcranial Ultrasound-Enhanced Thrombolysis* Response.
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A Case of Recanalized Cardioembolic Stroke: Possible Effect of Transcranial ColorCoded Real-time Sonography on Thrombolytic Therapy.
Ogata T, Kitazono T, Kuroda J, Kamei K, Kamouchi M, Ooboshi H, Ibayashi S, Iida M. A Case of Recanalized Cardioembolic Stroke: Possible Effect of Transcranial ColorCoded Real-time Sonography on Thrombolytic Therapy.
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Derivation of Transcranial Doppler Criteria for Rescue Intra-arterial Thrombolysis: Multicenter Experience From the Interventional Management of Stroke Study.
Saqqur M, Shuaib A, Alexandrov AV, Hill MD, Calleja S, Tomsick T, Broderick J, Demchuk AM. Derivation of Transcranial Doppler Criteria for Rescue Intra-arterial Thrombolysis: Multicenter Experience From the Interventional Management of Stroke Study.
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Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, LR Caplan, E. Feldmann, Wechsler LR, Newell DW, Gomez CR, Babikian VL, Lefkowitz D, Goldman RS, Armon C, Hsu HY, Goodin DS. Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Bornstein NM. Transcranial Doppler. In: Bernstein EF, Callow AD, Nicolaides AN, Shiffrin EG (eds) Cerebral Revascularization, 85-91; 1993, London: MED-ORION.
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The value of combined Transcranial Doppler and Diamox test in assessing.
Bornstein NM, Gur AY, Shifrin EG, Morag BA. The value of combined Transcranial Doppler and Diamox test in assessing. Intracerebral hemodynamics. In: Caplan LR, Shifrin EG, Nicolaides AN, Moore WS (eds) Cerebrovascular ischemia: Investigation and management 143-148; 1996, Nicosia, Cyprus: Med-Orion Publishing.
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5. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 1 , , ,

Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
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Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
Mathematical Modeling of the Cerebral Circulation System in Relation to Transcranial Doppler Sonography
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cerebral circulation, mathematical, modeling, transcranial Doppler sonography
cerebral circulation, mathematical, modeling, transcranial Doppler sonography
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Conclusions were made about the reliability of transcranial Doppler sonography (using the velocity) to indicate the circulation (with volume as an essential variable) and about the disorders in ischemia and hyperperfusion after arterial recanalisation.
– in edema.The role of intracranial pressure is shown by equation. It is important for cerebral venous outflow, CSF circulation and cerebral perfusion pressure. The pulsatile character of the circulation is given in equation as well. Conclusions were made about the reliability of transcranial Doppler sonography (using the velocity) to indicate the circulation (with volume as an essential variable) and about the disorders in ischemia and hyperperfusion after arterial recanalisation.
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R. Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
R. Transcranial Doppler Sonography. Springer-Verlag, Wien
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haemodynamic impairment in patient with carotid stenosis: a transcranial Doppler study. 1991.
haemodynamic impairment in patient with carotid stenosis: a transcranial Doppler study. 1991.
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Hemodynamic Assessment of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
Kelley RE, Namon RA, Shing-Her-Juang, Lee SC, Chang JY. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Hemodynamic Assessment of Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis. Arch Neurol – Vol. 47, 1990.
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Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
Struppler A, Baykushev St. Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
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Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral
Transcranial Doppler and Cerebral
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1989-2004: Introduced and developed the use of transcranial Doppler and cybernetic methods for quantitative clinical assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation.
1989-2004: Introduced and developed the use of transcranial Doppler and cybernetic methods for quantitative clinical assessment of dynamic cerebral autoregulation.
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1987: Introduced functional transcranial Doppler for study and quantification of evoked flow responses and the dynamic relationship between brain function and blood flow.
1987: Introduced functional transcranial Doppler for study and quantification of evoked flow responses and the dynamic relationship between brain function and blood flow.
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1984: Introduced Cerebral Vasospasm Evaluation by Transcranial Doppler.
1984: Introduced Cerebral Vasospasm Evaluation by Transcranial Doppler.
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1982: Developed and introduced the Transcranial Doppler Method.
1982: Developed and introduced the Transcranial Doppler Method.
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transcranial Doppler instrument
transcranial Doppler instrument
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1989-1995: Developed the first two-channel transcranial Doppler
1989-1995: Developed the first two-channel transcranial Doppler
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1983: Designed and developed both the hardware as well as the software for the first dedicated transcranial Doppler instrument, the TC2-64,
1983: Designed and developed both the hardware as well as the software for the first dedicated transcranial Doppler instrument, the TC2-64,
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1992: Coeditor, Transcranial Doppler.
1992: Coeditor, Transcranial Doppler.
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1986: Editor, first book on Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
1986: Editor, first book on Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

6. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 3, 2007, No. 2 , , ,

Premotor and Motor Brain Cortex Responses to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Hemiparetic Patients Assessed by Motor Threshold
Premotor and Motor Brain Cortex Responses to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Hemiparetic Patients Assessed by Motor Threshold
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centrifuge training, cerebral hemodynamics, transcranial Doppler sonography
centrifuge training, cerebral hemodynamics, transcranial Doppler sonography
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By means of transcranial Doppler sonography the BFV of the right MCA at a depth of 50–55 mm was monitored.
The study was performed in 15 pilots, tested by the method of SACM with maximal +Gz-8G load. The cardiac reactivity was assessed using 3chanels electrocardiography (ECG). A parallel infra-red pletismography at the level of the right temporal artery was applied and the delayed pulse wave (measured in milliseconds between R wave of the ECG and the peak of the pletismography) was estimated. By means of transcranial Doppler sonography the BFV of the right MCA at a depth of 50–55 mm was monitored. Simultaneously the bioelectrical brain activity was registered using 8-chanel Holter-electroencephalography (EEG). A visual and
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Premotor and Motor Brain Cortex Responses to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Premotor and Motor Brain Cortex Responses to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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hemiparesis premotor cortex, transcranial magnetic stimulation
hemiparesis premotor cortex, transcranial magnetic stimulation
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To assess the excitability and the function of premotor and primary motor brain cortex by determination of the motor threshold (MT) of gaining arms and legs motor responses using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
To assess the excitability and the function of premotor and primary motor brain cortex by determination of the motor threshold (MT) of gaining arms and legs motor responses using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation worsens complex movements in Parkinson’s disease.
Boylan LS, Pullman SL, Lisanby SH, Spicknall KE, Sackeim HA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation worsens complex movements in Parkinson’s disease.
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Dominkus M, Grisgold W, Jelinek V: Transcranial electric motor evoked potentials as a prognostic indicator for motor recovery in stroke patients.
Dominkus M, Grisgold W, Jelinek V: Transcranial electric motor evoked potentials as a prognostic indicator for motor recovery in stroke patients.
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Is it time to introduce repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation into standart clinical practice for treatment depressive disorders?
Fitzgerald P. Is it time to introduce repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation into standart clinical practice for treatment depressive disorders?
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The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ. The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation.
George MS, Lisanby SH, Sackiem HA. Transcranial magnetic stimulation. Applicatioon in Neuropsychiatry.
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Slow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a case with cortical dyplasia.
Menkes DL, Gruenthal M. Slow-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a case with cortical dyplasia.
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Shortening of choise reaction time and movement time with subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation,
Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, Grafman J, Hallett M. Akinesia in Parkinson’s disease. ІІ. Shortening of choise reaction time and movement time with subthreshold repetitive transcranial motor cortex stimulation,
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Responses to rapid-rate transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex.
Pascual-Leone A, Valls-Sole J, Wassermann EM, Hallett M. Responses to rapid-rate transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex.
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Absence of response to early transcranial magnetic stimulation in ischemic stroke patients: prognostic value for hand motor recovery.
Pennisi G, Rapisarda G, Bella R, Calabresa V, Maertens de Noordhout A, Delwaide P. Absence of response to early transcranial magnetic stimulation in ischemic stroke patients: prognostic value for hand motor recovery.
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Cortical representation of proximal and distal muscles as assessed by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Schulze-Bonhage A, Cichon B, Ferbert A. Cortical representation of proximal and distal muscles as assessed by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
Sruppler A, Baykouchev S. Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
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Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intrac-
Tergau F, Naumann U, Paulus W, Steinhoff BJ. Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation improves intrac-
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Lack of clinical improvement in patients with Parkinson’s disease after low and higt-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Tergau F, Wassermann EM, Paulus W, Ziemann U. Lack of clinical improvement in patients with Parkinson’s disease after low and higt-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Wassermann EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator.
Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Berry C, Hoffnagel C, Wild K, Clark K, Hallett M. Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator.
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Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH: Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review.
Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH: Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler Raven Press.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler Raven Press. New York 1992, 83-99
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler Raven Press.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler Raven Press. New York 1992, 83-99
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7. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 1 , , ,

The Role of Transcranial Doppler
The Role of Transcranial Doppler
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The Role of Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
The Role of Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
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brain death, confirmatory test, transcranial
brain death, confirmatory test, transcranial
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Only 40% of national practice guidelines require confirmatory testing.Accepted tests are conventional or multislice computerized tomography (MSCT) angiography, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), isotope angiography, Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime brain scan (99mTc-HMPAO) [5].
uniform agreement on the neurological examination with exception of apnea test. Major differences between countries were present between presence of legal standards on organ transplantation, presence of practice guidelines for brain death for adults, number of physicians required to declare brain death, observational period or presence of required expertise of examining physicians. Only 40% of national practice guidelines require confirmatory testing.Accepted tests are conventional or multislice computerized tomography (MSCT) angiography, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD), isotope angiography, Technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene-amineoxime brain scan (99mTc-HMPAO) [5]. After confirming the clinical diagnosis with one of the tests, the examined brain death person is declared dead.
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Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
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These findings are systolic spikes or oscillating flow in any cerebral artery which can be recorded by bilateral transcranial insonation for anterior circulation, or any intracranial vertebral or basilar artery which can be recorded by suboccipital insonation for the posterior circulation.
Certain prerequisites must be fulfilled before using Doppler sonography to confirm cerebral circulatory arrest [5, 6, 7]. The cause of coma must be established and must be sufficient to account for a permanent loss of brain function. Other conditions such as intoxication, hypothermia, severe arterial hypotension, metabolic disorders and others have been excluded. Clinical evaluation by two experienced examiners must show no evidence of cerebral or brainstem functions. Cerebral circulatory arrest can be confirmed if certain extraand intracranial Doppler sonographic findings have been recorded and documented bilaterally on two examinations at an interval of at least 30 min. These findings are systolic spikes or oscillating flow in any cerebral artery which can be recorded by bilateral transcranial insonation for anterior circulation, or any intracranial vertebral or basilar artery which can be recorded by suboccipital insonation for the posterior circulation. The diagnosis established by the intracranial examination must be confirmed by the extracranial bilateral recording of the common carotid arteries, internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries. Ventricular drains or large openings of the skull like in decompressive craniectomy possibly interfering with the development of the intracranial pressure should not be present. During the examination blood pressure should be monitored, documented, and hypotension should be avoided.
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Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
Transcranial Doppler in Brain Death Confirmation
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Transcranial Doppler as a confirmatory test in brain death.
Lovrencic-Huzjan A, Vukovic V, Jergovic K, Demarin V. Transcranial Doppler as a confirmatory test in brain death.
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Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, et al. Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
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Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to confirm brain death: a meta-analysis.
Monteiro LM, Bollen CW, van Huffelen AC, Ackerstaff RG, Jansen NJ, van Vught AJ. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to confirm brain death: a meta-analysis.
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E. Application of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the
E. Application of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the
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Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: experience in 140 patients.
Zurynski Y, Dorsch N, Pearson I, Chong R. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in brain death: experience in 140 patients.
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Brain death and transcranial Doppler: experience in 130 cases of brain dead patients.
Ducrocq X, Braun M, Debouverie M, Junges C, Hummer M, Vespignani H. Brain death and transcranial Doppler: experience in 130 cases of brain dead patients.
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Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
Kuo JR, Chen CF, Chio CC, Chang CH, Wang CC, Yang CM, Lin KC. Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
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Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for confirmatory diagnosis of brain death: two sides of the coin.
Dosemeci L, Dora B, Yilmaz M, Cengiz M, Balkan S, Ramazanoglu A. Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for confirmatory diagnosis of brain death: two sides of the coin.
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Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler for confirming brain death: a prospective study of 270 cases.
de Freitas AG, Andre C. Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler for confirming brain death: a prospective study of 270 cases.
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Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death.
Poularas J, Karakitsos D, Kouraklis G, Kostakis A, De Groot E, Kalogeromitros A, Bilalis D, Boletis J, Karabinis A. Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death.
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Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
Van Velthoven, Calliauw L. Diagnosis of brain death. Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
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ischemic condition of the heart, transcranial Doppler sonography
ischemic condition of the heart, transcranial Doppler sonography
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to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
to study the possibilities for application of ultrasound diagnostics – color duplex and transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis and multifocal arteriosclerosis (MFA) chronic arterial insufficiency of the limbs (CAIL) or ischemic condition of the heart (ICH), undergone to carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Battery Reliably Identifies Sever Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
Wilterdink JL, Feldmann E, Furie KL, Bragoni M, Benavides JG. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Battery Reliably Identifies Sever Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.
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Transcranial doppler in the evaluation of internal carotid artery dissection.
Srinivasan J, Newell D, Sturzenegger M et al. Transcranial doppler in the evaluation of internal carotid artery dissection.
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The blood flow velocity in the midlle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The auditory system of 27 healthy subjects and 27 patients with TIAs was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 decibels for 30 sec. The blood flow velocity in the midlle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G. Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
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Noninvasive evaluation of dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation using Finapres plethysmograph and transcranial Doppler.
Lavinio A, Schmidt EA, Haubrich C, Smielewski P, Pickard JD, Czosnyka M. Noninvasive evaluation of dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation using Finapres plethysmograph and transcranial Doppler.
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Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Sharma VK, Tsivgoulis G, Lao AY, Alexandrov AV. Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, Caplan LR, Feldmann E, Wechsler LR, Newell DW, Gomez CR, Babikian VL, Lefkowitz D, Goldman RS, Armon C, Hsu CY, Goodin DS. l. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

8. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 4, 2008, No. 2 , , ,

Diagnostic Value of Transcranial
Diagnostic Value of Transcranial
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Premotor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Thresholds in Focal Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
Premotor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Thresholds in Focal Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
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The extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonography confirmed the existence of a cerebral circulatory arrest – systolic spikes or oscillating blood flow were recorded bilaterally from the internal and middle cerebral arteries at an interval of 30 min, while the blood circulation within the external carotid artery was preserved.
Brain CT showed massive cerebral hemorrhage with blood within the ventricle system after rupture of aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, proved by CT angiography. DSA demonstrated stop of the blood flow at the carotid siphons. The extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonography confirmed the existence of a cerebral circulatory arrest – systolic spikes or oscillating blood flow were recorded bilaterally from the internal and middle cerebral arteries at an interval of 30 min, while the blood circulation within the external carotid artery was preserved.
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Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for confirmatory diagnosis of brain death: two sides of the coin.
Dosemeci L, Dora B, Yilmaz M, Cengiz M, Balkan S, Ramazanoglu A. Utility of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for confirmatory diagnosis of brain death: two sides of the coin.
read the entire text >>

Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler for confirming brain death: a prospective study of 270 cases.
de Freitas AG, Andre C. Sensitivity of transcranial Doppler for confirming brain death: a prospective study of 270 cases.
read the entire text >>

Application of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of brain death.
Hadani M, Bruk B, Ram Z, Knoller N, Spiegelmann R, Segal E. Application of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for the diagnosis of brain death.
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Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
Kuo JR, Chen CF, Chio CC, Chang CH, Wang CC, Yang CM, Lin KC. Time dependent validity in the diagnosis of brain death using transcranial Doppler sonography.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to confirm brain death: a meta-analysis.
Jansen NJ, van Vught AJ. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to confirm brain death: a meta-analysis.
read the entire text >>

Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death.
Poularas J, Karakitsos D, Kouraklis G, Kostakis A, De Groot E, Kalogeromitros A, Bilalis D, Boletis J, Karabinis A. Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death.
read the entire text >>

Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography.
Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, Spencer MP, Caplan LR, Feldmann E, Wechsler LR, Newell DW, Gomez CR, Babikian VL, Lefkowitz D, Goldman RS, Armon C, Hsu SY, Goodin DS. Assessment: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
Van Velthoven, Calliauw L. Diagnosis of brain death. Transcranial Doppler sonography as an additional method.
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Diagnostic Value of Transcranial Colour-Coded Duplex Sonography in Cerebral Aneurysms – Comparative Investigations with Digital Subtraction Angiography
Diagnostic Value of Transcranial Colour-Coded Duplex Sonography in Cerebral Aneurysms – Comparative Investigations with Digital Subtraction Angiography
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cerebral aneurysm, digital subtraction angiography, transcranial
cerebral aneurysm, digital subtraction angiography, transcranial
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to study the diagnostic value of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography (TCCDS) for diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms in patients with and without subarachnoid haemorrhage in comparative investigations with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
to study the diagnostic value of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography (TCCDS) for diagnosis of cerebral aneurysms in patients with and without subarachnoid haemorrhage in comparative investigations with conventional digital subtraction angiography (DSA).
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Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
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Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
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Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
Transcranial Duplex Scan in Cerebral Aneurysms
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Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral aneurysms.
Baumgartner RW. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in cerebral aneurysms.
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Transcranial colorcoded duplex sonography, magnetic resonance angiography and computerised tomography angiography: methods, applications, advantages and limitations.
Baumgartner RW, Mattle HP, Aaslid R. Transcranial colorcoded duplex sonography, magnetic resonance angiography and computerised tomography angiography: methods, applications, advantages and limitations.
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Diagnosis and monitoring of subarachnoid hemorrhage by transcranial color-coded realtime sonography. Neurosurgery
Becker G, Greiner K, Kaune B, Winkler J, Brawanski A, Warmuth-Metz M, Bogdahn U. Diagnosis and monitoring of subarachnoid hemorrhage by transcranial color-coded realtime sonography. Neurosurgery
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C. Transcranial power mode Doppler duplex sonography of intracranial aneurysms.
C. Transcranial power mode Doppler duplex sonography of intracranial aneurysms.
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P. Visualisation of intracranial aneurysms by transcranial duplex sonography.
P. Visualisation of intracranial aneurysms by transcranial duplex sonography.
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J. Three-dimensional transcranial color-coded sonography of cerebral aneurysms.
J. Three-dimensional transcranial color-coded sonography of cerebral aneurysms.
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Transcranial coulor-coded duplex ultrasound in interventional therapy of cerebral aneurysms.
Lindner A, Shambal S, GeorgiadisD, Becker G. Transcranial coulor-coded duplex ultrasound in interventional therapy of cerebral aneurysms.
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Intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: transcranial coulor-coded sonography as a diagnostic aid.
Martin PJ, Gaunt ME, Naylor AR, Hope DT, Orpe V, Evans DH. Intracranial aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations: transcranial coulor-coded sonography as a diagnostic aid.
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Potential and limitations of transcranial color-coded sonography in stroke patients.
Seidel G, Kaps M, Gerriets T. Potential and limitations of transcranial color-coded sonography in stroke patients.
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Detection of intracranial aneurysms with unenhanced and echo contrast enhanced transcranial power Doppler
Turner CL, Kirkpatrick PJ. Detection of intracranial aneurysms with unenhanced and echo contrast enhanced transcranial power Doppler
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Observations based on color power transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC, Statham PF, Price R. Does the size of intracranial aneurysms change with intracranial pressure? Observations based on color power transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Use of Color Power Transcranial Doppler Sonography to Monitor Aneurismal Coiling.
Wardlaw JM, Cannon JC, Sellar RJ. Use of Color Power Transcranial Doppler Sonography to Monitor Aneurismal Coiling.
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Through transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) a slight reduction in the brain blood circulation on the side of the stenosis was pre-operatively ascertained.
101 patients (85 men and 16 women, mean age 63.2 years) with ACS were screened. The average degree of the stenosis ascertained was 81.9%. Through transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) a slight reduction in the brain blood circulation on the side of the stenosis was pre-operatively ascertained. In all patients CE of a. carotis interna was carried out with shunt. In 99 patients (98%) successful CE was carried out. By means of CCDS and TCD significant improvement of the regional carotid haemodynamics and the haemodynamic of the intracranial arteries on the side of the operation was ascertained. In 1 patient (0.99%) stroke developed as a result of thrombosis of internal carotid artery.
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Transcranial Doppler evaluation of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy.
Magee TR, Davies AH, Horrocks M. Transcranial Doppler evaluation of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid endarterectomy.
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Premotor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Thresholds in Focal Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
Premotor Cortex Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Motor Thresholds in Focal Secondary Generalized Epilepsy
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transcranial magnetic stimulation
transcranial magnetic stimulation
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To evaluate the motor threshold of excitability during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the premotor brain cortex in patients with focal secondary generalized epilepsy.
To evaluate the motor threshold of excitability during transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the premotor brain cortex in patients with focal secondary generalized epilepsy.
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The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.
Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di lazzaro V, Ledaucheur JP, Magistris MR, Mills K, Rosler KM, Triggs WJ, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.
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The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ. The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
read the entire text >>

Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Wasserman EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator.
Wassermann EM, Grafman J, Berry C, Hollnagel C, Wild K, Clark K, Hallett M. Use and safety of a new repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulator.
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E. Transcranial Doppler measurments in migraine and nicergoline hesdache.
E. Transcranial Doppler measurments in migraine and nicergoline hesdache.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

9. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

space occupying lesion, stroke, transcranial duplex ultrasonography
space occupying lesion, stroke, transcranial duplex ultrasonography
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In transcranial examination, contrast agents help to improve the insonation conditions, especially in the case of an insufficient temporal bone window.
scattered signal from the blood vessels in the case of reduced blood flow velocities in pathological situations e.g. in an occlusive disease of an artery supplying the brain. In transcranial examination, contrast agents help to improve the insonation conditions, especially in the case of an insufficient temporal bone window. Recently, based on experience from myocardial perfusion imaging, several reports were published on the imaging of cerebral perfusion. Suitable for imaging cerebral perfusion are the secondgeneration contrast media such as SonoVue™.
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in the case of an insufficient temporal bone window in transcranial imaging) and/or to enhance the backscattered signal from the blood vessels in the case of reduced blood flow velocities in pathological situations (e.g.
In neurosonology, ultrasound contrast agents can be used to improve the insonation conditions (e.g. in the case of an insufficient temporal bone window in transcranial imaging) and/or to enhance the backscattered signal from the blood vessels in the case of reduced blood flow velocities in pathological situations (e.g. in an occlusive disease of an artery supplying the brain).
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With the aid of an echo contrast agent, examination with transcranial Doppler sonography as well as color-coded duplex ultrasonography is possible even in patients with an unfavorable acoustic bone window [1, 8].
With the aid of an echo contrast agent, examination with transcranial Doppler sonography as well as color-coded duplex ultrasonography is possible even in patients with an unfavorable acoustic bone window [1, 8]. Following intravenous injection of a first generation contrast agent Levovist, the backscattered signal can be enhanced up to 25 dB because of a transient increase in echogenicity of the blood [9]. In contrast-enhanced examination of the posterior circulation, more detailed information about the anatomical course of the basal cerebral arteries can be obtained. After application of SonoVue, a longer stretch of the basilar artery is visible. Furthermore, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and the superior cerebellar artery can be displayed. An easier visualization of the intracranial arteries facilitates the diagnostic assessment of pathological conditions.
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The results obtained from a multicenter, openlabel, randomized cross-over study investigating the diagnostic potential of SonoVue using transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) confirm this clinical observation [10].
The results obtained from a multicenter, openlabel, randomized cross-over study investigating the diagnostic potential of SonoVue using transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) confirm this clinical observation [10]. In a group of forty patients, echo enhancement contributed to converting a non-diagnostic study into a diagnostic one in more than half of the indications (in 66%), and increased the confidence in diagnosis in 74 %. In a non-trial situation, this would have allowed the diagnosis to be reached more quickly. To make good treatment decisions, early, reliable information about the condition of the arteries of the Circle of Willis is necessary [11].
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Native transcranial color-coded image using a right transtemporal approach with an unfavorable temporal bone window.
Native transcranial color-coded image using a right transtemporal approach with an unfavorable temporal bone window. The visualization of the basal cerebral arteries is of insufficient quality, only fragments of the arteries are visible.(1). No detectable signal of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA); (2). signal of the right posterior communicating artery; (3) left posterior cerebral artery (PCA); (4) left MCA; (5) A2 segment of the left anterior cerebral artery (ACA).
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Postert and Seidel were able to measure time-intensity curves through the intact skull with transcranial sonography using the bubble response from the contrast agents Levovist™ and Optison™ respectively [19].
In the applications where the microbubbles need to be preserved – e.g. in imaging of very low blood flow velocities in the capillaries of the brain parenchyma, the low mechanical index (MI) imaging modality is a preferred approach. Different techniques such as pulse inversion harmonic imaging, power modulation, harmonic power Doppler imaging, and contrast pulse sequencing are described to evaluate perfusion in microcirculation [18]. For quantification of brain tissue perfusion, bolus injection kinetics, refill injection kinetics or diminution kinetics are currently being explored. After a bolus injection of the contrast agent, time intensity curves with wash-in and wash-out phases can be analyzed. Postert and Seidel were able to measure time-intensity curves through the intact skull with transcranial sonography using the bubble response from the contrast agents Levovist™ and Optison™ respectively [19]. They showed that the examination is feasible, not only in young adults with a good acoustic temporal bone window. The value of this diagnostic method could also be demonstrated in pathological conditions, e.g. in patients with acute hemispheric stroke [20, 21].
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Transcranial B-mode sonography in the axial diencephalic plane in a 49 years old female patient with malignant infarction in the left MCA territory following decompressive craniectomy before
Transcranial B-mode sonography in the axial diencephalic plane in a 49 years old female patient with malignant infarction in the left MCA territory following decompressive craniectomy before
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Transcranial contrast imaging of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients following decompressive craniectomy.
Публикува се с разрешение. With permission: Bartels E, Bittermann H-J. Transcranial contrast imaging of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients following decompressive craniectomy. Ultraschall in Med 2004;25:206-213, Georg Thieme Verlag.
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Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real time sonography.
Bogdahn U, Becker G, Schlief R, Redding J, Hassel W. Contrast-enhanced transcranial color-coded real time sonography. Results of a phase-two study.
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Echo-enhanced transcranial three-dimensional color Doppler imaging.
Bauer A, Bogdahn U, Haase A, Schlief R. Echo-enhanced transcranial three-dimensional color Doppler imaging. In: New Trends in Cerebral Hemodynamics and Neurosonology.
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Imaging of the vertebrobasilar system by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
Becker G, Lindner A, Bogdahn U. Imaging of the vertebrobasilar system by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
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A transpulmonary contrast medium enhances the transcranial Doppler signal in humans.
Ries F, Honisch C, Lambertz M, Schlief R. A transpulmonary contrast medium enhances the transcranial Doppler signal in humans.
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SonoVue™ in transcranial Doppler investigations of the cerebral arteries.
Kaps M, Legemate DA, Ries F, Ackerstaff RGA, Markus H, Pezzoli C, Llull J-B, Spinazzi A. SonoVue™ in transcranial Doppler investigations of the cerebral arteries.
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gel: Quantitative measurements of blood flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries with transcranial color Doppler imaging.
gel: Quantitative measurements of blood flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries with transcranial color Doppler imaging.
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Comparison of transcranial brain tissue perfusion images between ultraharmonic, second harmonic, and power harmonic imaging.
Shiogai T, Takayasu N, Mizuno T, Nakagawa M, Furuhata H. Comparison of transcranial brain tissue perfusion images between ultraharmonic, second harmonic, and power harmonic imaging.
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Transcranial contrast imaging of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients following decompressive craniectomy.
Bartels E, Bittermann H-J. Transcranial contrast imaging of cerebral perfusion in stroke patients following decompressive craniectomy.
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P. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion deficit in stroke patients using new transcranial contrast imaging CPSTM technology.
P. Evaluation of cerebral perfusion deficit in stroke patients using new transcranial contrast imaging CPSTM technology. Preliminary results.
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auditory stimulation, cerebral infartction, transcranial Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity
auditory stimulation, cerebral infartction, transcranial Doppler sonography, vasomotor reactivity
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The blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The auditory system of 30 healthy subjects and 30 patients with cerebral infarction was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 decibels for 30 sec. The blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries (MCA) was monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H, Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H, Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G, Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
Bay – Hansen J, Ravn Th, Knudsen G, Application od interhwmispheric index for transcranial Doppler sonography velocity measurements and evaluation of recording time.
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Noninvasive evaluation of dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation using Finapres plethysmograph and transcranial Doppler.
Lavinio A, Schmidt EA, Haubrich C, Smielewski P, Pickard JD, Czosnyka M. Noninvasive evaluation of dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation using Finapres plethysmograph and transcranial Doppler.
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Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Sharma VK, Tsivgoulis G, Lao AY, Alexandrov AV. Role of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology.
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Neurosonology (extracranial and transcranial colorcoded duplex ultrasonography)
Neurosonology (extracranial and transcranial colorcoded duplex ultrasonography)
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Pioneer works in the field of the duplex ultrasonography of the vertebral arteries, and in the transcranial color coded duplex ultrasonography – for this expertise an international prize in November 1992;
Pioneer works in the field of the duplex ultrasonography of the vertebral arteries, and in the transcranial color coded duplex ultrasonography – for this expertise an international prize in November 1992;
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The documentation was done by Eva Bartels on October 6, 1989 – this seems to be the eldest documentation of a transcranial color coded image in the history of TCCS.
View of a color coded image of the middle cerebral artery with a corresponding Doppler spectral analysis, performed under visual control using a transtemporal insonation (the sample volume is placed in 57 mm depth). The documentation was done by Eva Bartels on October 6, 1989 – this seems to be the eldest documentation of a transcranial color coded image in the history of TCCS.
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Prof. Baykushev introduced in Bulgaria for the first time the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for therapeutic application in neurology and psychiatry.
Prof. Baykushev introduced in Bulgaria for the first time the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for therapeutic application in neurology and psychiatry. In a recent work with prof. Struppler and ass.prof.Gozmanov, motor thresholds have been used for functional diagnostics. The differences in the characteristics of primary motor and premotor brain cortex in healthy volunteers have been shown. This has created a new way for magnetic stimulation particularly in epilepsy (2008).
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

10. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 5, 2009, No. 1 , , ,

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic
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transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, venous ultrasound anatomy
transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, venous ultrasound anatomy
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The current review is dedicated to the modern possibilities of ultrasound diagnostics for evaluation of the normal and pathologic intracranial venous circulation by means of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCDS).
The current review is dedicated to the modern possibilities of ultrasound diagnostics for evaluation of the normal and pathologic intracranial venous circulation by means of transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCDS). The technique of examination, criteria of identification, normal velocity parameters, and sources of diagnostic errors are described concerning some of the main cerebral veins and dural sinuses, such as the deep middle cerebral vein, basal vein of Rosenthal, great vein of Galen, straight sinus, transverse sinus, inferior petrosal sinus, and internal jugular vein. The main indications for clinical applications of TCDS in patients with cerebral venous thromboses are pointed out, as well as their sonographic identification and diagnostic criteria. The diagnostic value and perspectives in applying TCDS for different cerebral venous pathological conditions in neurology are summarized.
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Venous transcranial Doppler in
Canhгo P, Batista P, Ferro JM. Venous transcranial Doppler in
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Effect of echo-contrast media on the visualization of transverse sinus thrombosis with transcranial 3-D duplex sonography.
Delcker A, Hаussermann P, Weimar C. Effect of echo-contrast media on the visualization of transverse sinus thrombosis with transcranial 3-D duplex sonography.
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The inferior petrosal sinus: Assessment by transcranial Doppler ultrasound using the suboccipital approach.
Doepp F, Hoffmann O, Lehmann R, Einhдupl KM, Valdueza JM. The inferior petrosal sinus: Assessment by transcranial Doppler ultrasound using the suboccipital approach.
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A prospective study using transcranial duplex sonography.
Mursch K, Wachter A, Radke K, Buhre W, Al-Sufi S, BehnkeMursch J, Kolenda H. Blood flow velocities in the basal vein after subarachnoid haemorrhage. A prospective study using transcranial duplex sonography.
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Echocontrastenhanced transcranial color-coded sonography for the diagnosis of transverse sinus thrombosis.
Ries S, Steinke W, Neff KW, Hennerici M. Echocontrastenhanced transcranial color-coded sonography for the diagnosis of transverse sinus thrombosis.
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The impact of raised intracranial pressure on cerebral venous hemodynamics: A prospective venous transcranial Doppler ultrasonography study.
Schoser BG, Riemenschneider N, Hansen HC. The impact of raised intracranial pressure on cerebral venous hemodynamics: A prospective venous transcranial Doppler ultrasonography study.
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Transcranial ultrasonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
Schreiber SJ, Stolz E, Valdueza JM. Transcranial ultrasonography of cerebral veins and sinuses.
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M. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of venous transcranial color-coded flow velocity measurements.
M. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of venous transcranial color-coded flow velocity measurements.
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Frontal bone windows for transcranial color-coded duplex sonography.
Stolz E, Kaps M, Dorndorf W. Frontal bone windows for transcranial color-coded duplex sonography.
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Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults.
Stolz E, Kaps M, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers.
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Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Valdueza JM, Hoffmann O, Weih M, Mehraein S, Einhоupl KM. Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza JM, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhдupl KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Epilepsy
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in Epilepsy
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In the last decade there is an increased scientific interest in the application of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and its therapeutic application in psychiatry and neurology, including epilepsy.
In the last decade there is an increased scientific interest in the application of the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and its therapeutic application in psychiatry and neurology, including epilepsy.
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This is a review of recent knowledge about pathogenesis of epilepsy and principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rTMS (equipment, application, contraindications and safety).
This is a review of recent knowledge about pathogenesis of epilepsy and principles of transcranial magnetic stimulation and rTMS (equipment, application, contraindications and safety). A special attention is given on the low frequency rTMS in the treatment of epilepsy. The new perspective for rTMS application in patients with epilepsy are analysed and discussed.
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Never treatment of epilepsy-brain pacemakers and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Akamatsu N. Never treatment of epilepsy-brain pacemakers and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Safety and tolerabity of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature.
Bae EH, Schrader LM, Machii K, Alonso-Alonso M, Rivielo JJ Jr, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Safety and tolerabity of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature.
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The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.
Chen R, Cros D, Curra A, Di lazzaro V, Ledaucheur JP, Magistris MR, Mills K, Rosler KM, Triggs WJ, Ugawa Y, Ziemann U. The clinical diagnostic utility of transcranial magnetic stimulation: report of an IFCN committee.
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Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ: The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalakis ZJ: The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
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Lack of pathological changes in human temporal lobes after transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Gates JR, Dhuna A, Pascual-Leone A. Lack of pathological changes in human temporal lobes after transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) changes relative perfusion locally and remotely.
George MS, Stallings LE, Speer AM et al. Prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) changes relative perfusion locally and remotely.
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Griskova I, Hoppner J, Ruksenas O, Dapsys K. Transcranial
Griskova I, Hoppner J, Ruksenas O, Dapsys K. Transcranial
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial.
Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Maris B et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain.
Ji R, Schlaepfer T, Aizenman C, Epstein C, Qui D, Huang J, Rupp F. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation activates specific regions in rat brain.
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Changes in cerebral metabolism during transcranial magnetic stimulation [abstract].
Kimbrell TA, George MS, Danielson AL, et al. Changes in cerebral metabolism during transcranial magnetic stimulation [abstract].
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neurology.
Lefaucheur JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in neurology.
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Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Maeda F, Keenan JP, Tormos JM, Topka H, Pascual-Leone A. Modulation of corticospinal excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation in persons younger the age of 18.
Quintana H. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in persons younger the age of 18.
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Accidental seizure with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Rosa MA, Picarelli H, Teixeira MJ, Rosa MO, Marcolin MA. Accidental seizure with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Crossed inhibition of sensory cortex by 0.3 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex.
Seyal M, Shatzel AJ, Richardson SP. Crossed inhibition of sensory cortex by 0.3 Hz transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor cortex.
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Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
Struppler A, Baykouchev S. Motor cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation topography assessed by distribution and size of evoked potentials.
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Clinical applications of Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of various neurological diseases.
Tsuji S. Clinical applications of Transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of various neurological diseases.
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Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Wasserman EM. Risk and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

11. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 1 , , ,

Safety and doseescalation study design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis for acute ischemic stroke: the TUCSON Trial.
Barreto AD, Sharma VK, Lao AY, Schellinger PD, Amarenco P, Sierzenski P, Alexandrov AV, Molina CA. Safety and doseescalation study design of Transcranial Ultrasound in Clinical SONolysis for acute ischemic stroke: the TUCSON Trial.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

12. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 6, 2010, No. 2 , , ,

transcranial Doppler sonography
transcranial Doppler sonography
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Color carotid and transcranial duplex sonography was used for evaluation of the major arteries of the head and basal cerebral arteries, intima media tickness (IMT) of common carotid
63 patients with DM withouth a hystory for cerebrovascular disease (CVD), divided into three groups: 10 patients with type 1 DM, 22 patients with type 2 DM on oral medication and 31 patients with type 2 DM on insulin therapy. Color carotid and transcranial duplex sonography was used for evaluation of the major arteries of the head and basal cerebral arteries, intima media tickness (IMT) of common carotid
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Transcranial Ultrasound Course
Transcranial Ultrasound Course
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

13. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 1 , , ,

Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
The application of functional neuroimaging methods for assessment of language functions is an important step in the progress of theoretical and practical neuroscience towards overcoming the limitations of structural imaging. Providing information about the state and dynamics of general and local perfusion, metabolism, or cerebral activity, they are widely applied for evaluation of cognitive and more specifically, language functions. They are the basis of the recent progress in clarifying the structural and functional brain correlates of normal language functions. They are largely applied in diagnostics and follow-up of disorders leading to language disturbances. Understanding the specific values of every functional neuroimaging method (single photon emission tomography, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance tomography, ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound) enables the creation of adequate diagnostic patterns for specific clinical cases.
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Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
Single photon emission tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), ultrasound neuroimaging and functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound are among the well established and widely applied FNM.
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Ultrasound methods (color duplex scanning and transcranial Doppler ultrasound) are increasingly applied for several reasons including the vascular hypothesis for AD, the importance of modifiable vascular factors for AD and vascular dementia, and the role of the decrease of cerebral perfusion with age for the development of cognitive deficit.
Ultrasound methods (color duplex scanning and transcranial Doppler ultrasound) are increasingly applied for several reasons including the vascular hypothesis for AD, the importance of modifiable vascular factors for AD and vascular dementia, and the role of the decrease of cerebral perfusion with age for the development of cognitive deficit. They are able to detect vascular pathology causing chronic hypoperfusion decades before the onset of cognitive impairment, and help together with echocardiography, to screen cognitively intact middle-aged persons and ones with mild memory complaints. The assessment of intima-media complex is of special interest [18, 20, 19, 21, 22, 28, 43, 57], as are the detection of microembolic signals, impaired vasomotor reactivity of the basal cerebral arteries, etc.
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Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment.
Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTDU) with application of different tests is a complementary neuroimaging tool evaluating changes of blood perfusion caused by neuronal activation during cognitive assessment. Like other neuroimaging methods, sensitive to perfusion, such as PET and fMRI, fTDU is based on the close relationship between changes of cerebral blood flow and neuronal activity. This method assures much better temporal resolution compared to other neuroimaging techniques. Other advantages include low dependence on motion artifacts, easy application even in children and in uncooperative patients, and noninvasiveness. As an event-related neuroimaging method monitoring blood flow changes in middle cerebral arteries it has been applied for determining the brain lateralization of language and other cognitive functions. A significant increase in velocity has been registered in the dominant hemisphere during a cognitive task [8, 42].
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Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral autoregulation.
Bellapart J, Fraser JF. Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral autoregulation.
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An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Bishop DV, Watt H, Papadatou-Pastou M. An efficient and reliable method for measuring cerebral lateralization during speech with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Altered cerebral hemodynamics in early Alzheimer disease: a pilot study using transcranial Doppler.
Claassen JA, Diaz-Arrastia R, Martin-Cook K, Levine BD, Zhang R. Altered cerebral hemodynamics in early Alzheimer disease: a pilot study using transcranial Doppler. J Alzheimers Dis
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Atypical cerebral lateralisation in adults with compensated developmental dyslexia demonstrated using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Illingworth S, Bishop DV. Atypical cerebral lateralisation in adults with compensated developmental dyslexia demonstrated using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Functional transcranial Doppler sonography.
Lohmann H, Ringelstein EB, Knecht S. Functional transcranial Doppler sonography.
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Consensus recommendations for transcranial color-coded
Nedelmann M, Stolz E, Gerriets T, Baumgartner RW, Malferrari G, Seidel G, Kaps M. TCCS Consensus Group. Consensus recommendations for transcranial color-coded
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

14. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 7, 2011, No. 2 , , ,

Thirty Years of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
Thirty Years of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
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of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
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This year (2011) marks the 30th anniversary of the first application of transcranial Doppler (TCD).
This year (2011) marks the 30th anniversary of the first application of transcranial Doppler (TCD). In the summer of 1981, I was fortunate to be invited to do research at the Department of Neurosurgery in Bern by Prof. Helge Nornes—a pioneer in the study of cerebral hemodynamics using electromagnetic flowmetry and intraoperative Doppler. Before accepting the position, I decided to try to get Doppler signals from the intracranial vessels using a 2MHz pulsed Doppler system that I happened to have on loan in my laboratory (the Doppler was used for developing a full scale physical model of the left ventricle and aorta for the Norwegian Underwater Institute). After searching the temporal region where the bone was assumed to be thin, a distinct Doppler sound came from a depth of 5cm, and hyperventilation made its frequencies drop markedly. The signal simply had to originate from a cerebral artery.
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In the 1990’ties the transcranial color imaging Doppler was introduced.
In the early years, TCD was also applied to the evaluation of the intracranial collateral circulation in carotid stenosis. In the 1990’ties the transcranial color imaging Doppler was introduced. As this instrumentation became more sensitive, it is currently preferred in many centers for the routine examination. The advantage is that the image makes artery identification easier for the operator. However, the diagnosis is still based on spectral analysis of the Doppler signal like in the conventional TCD examination.
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Thirty Years of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
Thirty Years of Transcranial Doppler: What has changed?
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Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future
Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

15. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 8, 2012, No. 1 , , ,

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – Present and Future
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – Present and Future
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For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%.
Ultrasonic methods are the fastest, cheapest and highly informative tool for noninvasive diagnosis of periand postoperative complications associated with CEA or stenting [2]. For the experienced researcher using multimodal ultrasound (a combination of duplex-scan, B-flow imaging and transcranial Doppler sonography), the sensitivity of the method to the DSA for diagnosis of postoperative distal dissections is over 95%. A mobile hyperechoic intimal flap and double vascular lumen causing carotid stenosis with an irregular shape and flame-type end is detected [3, 4]. The formation of distal fenestra causes return of part of the flow from false to true lumen. The absence of fenestra induces the deposition of embolic material at the bottom of the false lumen. In a large intimal defect (more than 6-8 mm) intramural hematoma is most commonly found, whose echogenicity is determined by its limitation
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – Present and Future
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – Present and Future
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motor evoked potentials, neurological diseases, pyramidal system, transcranial magnetic stimulation
motor evoked potentials, neurological diseases, pyramidal system, transcranial magnetic stimulation
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive neurophysiologic method for stimulation of brain motor cortex based on electromagnetic induction.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive neurophysiologic method for stimulation of brain motor cortex based on electromagnetic induction. It is subdivided on transcranial and peripheral in dependence of tаrget anatomical structures. The method gives information about corticospinal conductivity, promotes topical diagnosis, determination of its severity and prognostic value about recovery. The method is applicable in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases in Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.
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It is subdivided on transcranial and peripheral in dependence of tаrget anatomical structures.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a noninvasive neurophysiologic method for stimulation of brain motor cortex based on electromagnetic induction. It is subdivided on transcranial and peripheral in dependence of tаrget anatomical structures. The method gives information about corticospinal conductivity, promotes topical diagnosis, determination of its severity and prognostic value about recovery. The method is applicable in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases in Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.
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It is divided on transcranial (TMS) and peripheral (PMS) depending on target anatomical structures.
Magnetic stimulation (MS) is a noninvasive neurophysiologic method of studying the functions and relations in nervous system using electromagnetic induction. It is divided on transcranial (TMS) and peripheral (PMS) depending on target anatomical structures. Brain cortex, nerve roots, plexuses, cranial and peripheral nerves stimulation by rapidly changing magnetic field leads to depolarization and hyperpolarization of neurons and induces well detectable weak electric currents. Since its introduction in 1985 this method has undergone a large development and has given new perspectives in pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapy of different diseases in Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.
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Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature.
Bae EH, Schrader LM, Machii K, Alonso-Alonso M, Riviello Jr JJ, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Safety and tolerability of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with epilepsy: a review of the literature.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation.
Currà А, Modugno N, Inghilleri M, Manfredi M, Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques in clinical investigation.
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Post-stroke reorganization of hand motor area: a 1-year prospective follow-up with focal transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Delvaux V, Alagona G, Gerard P, De Pasqua V, Pennisi G, de Noordhout AM. Post-stroke reorganization of hand motor area: a 1-year prospective follow-up with focal transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function-systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
Elahi B, Elahi B, and Chen, R. Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on Parkinson motor function-systematic review of controlled clinical trials.
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Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Handbook of transcranial magnetic stimulation. London: Arnold,
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The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Daskalalis ZJ. The application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in psychiatry and neuroscience research.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain.
Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer.
Hallett M. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Primer.
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tive transcranial magnetic stimulation monitoring in spinal column surgery.
tive transcranial magnetic stimulation monitoring in spinal column surgery.
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tive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain.
tive transcranial magnetic stimulation in central and peripheral neuropathic pain.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke.
Kim Y-H, You S H, Ko M-H,Park J-W, Lee KH, Jang SH, Yoo W-K, Hallett M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induced corticomotor excitability and associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke.
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for DrugResistant Epilepsies: Rationale and Clinical Experience.
Kimiskidis VK. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for DrugResistant Epilepsies: Rationale and Clinical Experience.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Neurology.
Kobayashi M, Pascual Leone A. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in Neurology.
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Interventional Neurophysiology for pain control: duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex.
Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Nguyen JP. Interventional Neurophysiology for pain control: duration of pain relief following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex.
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Improvement of motor performance and modulation of cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in Parkinson's disease.
Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Von Raison F, Menard-Lefaucheur I, Cesaro P, Nguyen JP. Improvement of motor performance and modulation of cortical excitability by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in Parkinson's disease.
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Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex.
Lefaucheur JP, Drouot X, Keravel Y, Nguyen JP. Pain relief induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of precentral cortex.
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Prolonged cortical silent period after transcranial magnetic stimulation in generalized epilepsy.
Macdonell RA, King MA, Newton MR, Curatolo JM, Reutens DC, Berkovic SF. Prolonged cortical silent period after transcranial magnetic stimulation in generalized epilepsy.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’.
Pascual-Leone A, Bartrés-Faz D, Keenan JP. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: studying the brain-behaviour relationship by induction of ‘virtual lesions’.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity.
Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity.
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Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.
Pascual-Leone A, Davey N, Rothwell J, Wassermann EM, Puri BK (2002). Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Hodder Arnold.
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Plewnia C, Bartels M, Gerloff C: Transient suppression of tinnitus by transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Plewnia C, Bartels M, Gerloff C: Transient suppression of tinnitus by transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: a comparison of a neurophysiological and a visualization of movement method.
Pridmore S, Filho JAF, Nahas Z, Liberatos C, George MS. Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: a comparison of a neurophysiological and a visualization of movement method.
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Pharmacological changes in the silent period after transcranial brain stimulation in normal subjects, patients with Parkinson`s disease and drug-induced parkinsonism.
Pharmacological changes in the silent period after transcranial brain stimulation in normal subjects, patients with Parkinson`s disease and drug-induced parkinsonism.
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential.
Rossini PM, Rossi S. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: Diagnostic, therapeutic, and research potential.
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Techniques and mechanisms of action of transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex.
Rothwell JC. Techniques and mechanisms of action of transcranial stimulation of the human motor cortex.
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G. Motor recovery following stroke: a transcranial magnetic
G. Motor recovery following stroke: a transcranial magnetic
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Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke.
Turton A, Wroe S, Trepte N, Faser C, Lemon RN. Contralateral and ipsilateral EMG responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation during recovery of arm and hand function after stroke.
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A transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
Urban PP, Vogt T, Hopf HC. Corticobulbar tract involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. A transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
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Abnormal facilitation of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
Valls-Solé J, Pascual-Leone A, Brasil-Neto JP, Cammarota A, McShane L, Hallett M. Abnormal facilitation of the response to transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
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Facilitation of rhythmic events in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
Valzania F. Facilitation of rhythmic events in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.
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Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review.
Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH. Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review.
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The combined use of transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cortical activation and may be a useful therapy adjunct [27].
It has been shown that reduced activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere improves motor function in both healthy individuals and those with traumatic brain injury or stroke. The combined use of transcranial magnetic stimulation improves cortical activation and may be a useful therapy adjunct [27]. Robot-assisted practice may be helpful by implementation of repetitive training tasks; body weight-supported treadmill training promotes gait improvement after traumatic brain injury, stroke or partial spinal cord injury (fig. 3). An important fact is that general aerobic exercise programs stimulate CNS plasticity. Functional electrical stimulation enhances somatosensory input to the brain. Continued activity and training after formal therapy is necessary to preserve functional gains [17].
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Neuroimaging and neurophysiologic methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation) reveal changes in the motor cortex in response to physical exercises.
Most specific deficits (motor, sensory, language) recover at great degree during the first 3 to 6 months after stroke. Probably the most important recovery is the ability to restore self-care activities and mobility. Ideally, stroke rehabilitation should begin within the first 24 hours of stroke, if possible – in a stroke unit [40]. Intensive comprehensive rehabilitation is more useful than lessintense programs [2]. Daily rehabilitation procedures have a better effect than the same number of procedures performed for a longer period of time [45]. Neuroimaging and neurophysiologic methods (functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation) reveal changes in the motor cortex in response to physical exercises. Recent concepts offer an intensive therapy with motor tasks associated with more functional skills. The degree of impairment of the corticospinal tract is a prognostic factor [5]. Various aids are used: canes, walkers, ortheses, etc. The medical team responsible for patients’ condition in the course of rehabilitation watches for occurrence of potential complications and solves problems that may delay the rehabilitation process (dysphagia, incontinency, shoulder pains, spasticity, falls and post-stoke depres-
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Facilitative I effect of high frequency sub-threshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on complex sequential motor learning in humans.
Kim YH, Park JW, Ko MH. Facilitative I effect of high frequency sub-threshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on complex sequential motor learning in humans.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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16. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 2, 2012, No. 2 , , ,

Transcranial doppler sonography wasn’t realized because of the poor temporal window.
Transcranial doppler sonography wasn’t realized because of the poor temporal window. After the start of anticoagulation therapy in next few days, the patient’s condition improved with full reverse development of edema. The patient was extubated and a specialized neurorehabilitation was initiated. A converse development of focal neurological symptoms to mild central right-sided hemiparesis was reported.
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Effect of echo-contrast media on the visualization of transverse sinus thrombosis with transcranial 3-D duplex sonography.
Delker A, Haussermann P, Weimar C. Effect of echo-contrast media on the visualization of transverse sinus thrombosis with transcranial 3-D duplex sonography.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza J, Schmierer K, Mehraein S, Einhdupl K. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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17. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 1 , , ,

Transcranial color-coded duplexsonography of the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR) with low flow velocity and pulsatility together with the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) with high flow velocity and pulsatility using a transtemporal axial approach at the mesencephalic plane.
Transcranial color-coded duplexsonography of the basal vein of Rosenthal (BVR) with low flow velocity and pulsatility together with the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) with high flow velocity and pulsatility using a transtemporal axial approach at the mesencephalic plane. Notice the physiological change of blood flow direction with a red-coded flow towards the probe (top) in the proximal and blue-coded away from the probe (bottom) in the distal part of the BVR as well as in the PCA.
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In comparison, the other DCVs are more difficult to investigate using transcranial US.
in its middle and distal sections. In comparison, the other DCVs are more difficult to investigate using transcranial US. This especially applies to the ICVs, showing a detection rate of approximately 10 to 20% [111, 56]. As the anatomy of the BVR is extremely stable and forms part of the internal venous system, a flow towards the probe in the distal BVR can definitely be regarded as a pathological finding. However, an image of a retrograde flow in the BVR was never shown by Zamboni. As a side note, a retrograde flow signal in the BVR can also be present in cerebral venous thrombosis [12, 56] and tumour-induced obstructions of the SS [5, 44], as well as in arterio-venous angioma [61].
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Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults.
Stolz E, Kaps M, Kern A, Babacan SS, Dorndorf W. Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography of intracranial veins and sinuses in adults. Reference data from 130 volunteers.
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Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
upl KM. Monitoring of venous hemodynamics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis by transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
Valdueza, JM, Schmierer, K, Mehraein, S, Einhaupl, KM. Assessment of normal flow velocity in basal cerebral veins: a transcranial Doppler ultrasound study.
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Clinical application of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography-a review.
Zipper, SG, Stolz, E. Clinical application of transcranial colour-coded duplex sonography-a review.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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18. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 9, 2013, No. 2 , , ,

Intracranial Pressure Dynamics Assessed by Transcranial Doppler.
Intracranial Pressure Dynamics Assessed by Transcranial Doppler.
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Transcranial Doppler for Brain Death in Infants.
Transcranial Doppler for Brain Death in Infants. The Role of the Fontanelles.
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Hemispheric Lateralization of Language in Children with Deep Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant: a Functional Transcranial Doppler Study.
Hemispheric Lateralization of Language in Children with Deep Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Cochlear Implant: a Functional Transcranial Doppler Study.
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Counterproductive Results with the Use of an Emboli Protection Device in the Prevention of Microembolism Detected by Transcranial Doppler in Carotid Stent Placement.
Counterproductive Results with the Use of an Emboli Protection Device in the Prevention of Microembolism Detected by Transcranial Doppler in Carotid Stent Placement.
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Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
Poster Session I–3. Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
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Cerebral Hemodynamic Assessment with Transcranial Color Duplex in Intracranial Hypertension Experimental Model.
Cerebral Hemodynamic Assessment with Transcranial Color Duplex in Intracranial Hypertension Experimental Model.
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Transcranial Doppler and Oximetry Tissue Catheter Monitoring in Diffuse Brain Vasospasm.
Transcranial Doppler and Oximetry Tissue Catheter Monitoring in Diffuse Brain Vasospasm.
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Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Bow Hunter Syndrome: Case Report and Review of Literature.
Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Bow Hunter Syndrome: Case Report and Review of Literature.
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Microembolic Signals Detection during Routine Transcranial Doppler after Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Microembolic Signals Detection during Routine Transcranial Doppler after Acute Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
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Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance: a Transcranial Doppler Sonography Monitoring.
Cerebral Autoregulation in Patients with Orthostatic Intolerance: a Transcranial Doppler Sonography Monitoring.
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Transcranial Doppler Monitoring during Hypothermic Circulation Arrest.
Transcranial Doppler Monitoring during Hypothermic Circulation Arrest.
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Does Stent Design Influence Embolisation Detected by Transcranial Doppler During Carotid Artery Stenting?
Does Stent Design Influence Embolisation Detected by Transcranial Doppler During Carotid Artery Stenting?
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Comparative study of standing wave reduction methods using random modulation for transcranial ultrasonication.
Furuhata H, Saito O. Comparative study of standing wave reduction methods using random modulation for transcranial ultrasonication.
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Ultrasound safety with midfrequency transcranial sonothrombolysis: preliminary study on normal macaca monkey brain.
Shimizu J, Fukuda T, Abe T, Ogihara M, Kubota J, Sasaki A, Azuma T, Sasaki K, Shimizu K, Oishi T, Umemura S, Furuhata H. Ultrasound safety with midfrequency transcranial sonothrombolysis: preliminary study on normal macaca monkey brain.
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Safety of lowfrequency transcranial ultrasound in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Wang Z, Fukuda T, Azuma T, Furuhata H. Safety of lowfrequency transcranial ultrasound in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Effective and safe conditions of low-frequency transcranial ultrasonic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke.
Saguchi T, Onoue H, Urashima M, Ishibashi T, Abe T, Furuhata T. Effective and safe conditions of low-frequency transcranial ultrasonic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Neurological and histological evaluation in a rat middle cerebral artery stroke model.
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In vitro evaluation of dual mode ultrasonic thrombolysis method for transcranial application with an occlusive thrombosis model.
Wang Z, Moehring MA, Voie AH, Furuhata H. In vitro evaluation of dual mode ultrasonic thrombolysis method for transcranial application with an occlusive thrombosis model.
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Does Long-Term Continuous Transcranial Doppler monitoring Require a Pause for Safer Use?
Nakagawa K, Ishibashi T, Matsushima M, Tanifuji Y, Amaki Y, Furuhata H. Does Long-Term Continuous Transcranial Doppler monitoring Require a Pause for Safer Use?
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a relatively new, non-invasive tool, allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a relatively new, non-invasive tool, allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber.
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Secondly, the clinical introduction of the Transcranial Color Doppler Image which was first presented at the 2
Secondly, the clinical introduction of the Transcranial Color Doppler Image which was first presented at the 2
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International Conference on Transcranial Doppler Sonography, Salzburg Austria in 1988.
International Conference on Transcranial Doppler Sonography, Salzburg Austria in 1988.
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Thirdly, experimental and clinical sonothrombolysis research was his life`s work where his goal was the establishment of an integrated experimental and clinical system for transcranial sonothrombolysis treatment, utilizing less-invasive midfrequency ultrasound.
Thirdly, experimental and clinical sonothrombolysis research was his life`s work where his goal was the establishment of an integrated experimental and clinical system for transcranial sonothrombolysis treatment, utilizing less-invasive midfrequency ultrasound. This project was selected as one of 24 innovative medical development research projects supported by the Japanese Government (the so-called Super Tokku) in 2008. I would like to introduce this grant-funded sonothrombolysis research projects aimed for future establishment of acute ischemic stroke treatment.
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The safety and efficacy of an STL treatment are influenced by the following key factors, among others: thromboembolic occlusion locations, temporal bone window sizes, transcranial beam patterns, steering coverage, power deposition, MB concentration and replenishment time, total treatment time, workflow, etc.
The safety and efficacy of an STL treatment are influenced by the following key factors, among others: thromboembolic occlusion locations, temporal bone window sizes, transcranial beam patterns, steering coverage, power deposition, MB concentration and replenishment time, total treatment time, workflow, etc. These multiple dimensional factors present unique challenges to the system designer: for example, the cerebral bone window confines the available aperture size and bone attenuation limits the useable frequency range, which then constrain the ability to focus and steer the beam. Therefore, a system approach is needed for an integrated design of therapeutic array, pulsing (frequency, pulse length, amplitude, duty cycle etc.), scanning sequence, and array fixture. Additional system design considerations include the ability of the system to mesh with the existing stroke workflow for easier and faster adoption by clinicians, or in a point-ofcare setting to start the treatment as soon as possible.
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This lecture summarizes the advantages and the specific roles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to establish and monitor the presence of PTV and ICH.
Critical care management of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) has undergone tremendous advances. Neurosurgeons, neurologists and neurointensivists, including military, have a large armamentarium of invasive monitoring modalities available to detect secondary brain injury and guide therapy. The primary goal monitoring is to prevent secondary insults to the brain, primarily cerebral ischemia due to the posttraumatic vasospasm (PTV), and intracranial hypertension (ICH). This lecture summarizes the advantages and the specific roles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound to establish and monitor the presence of PTV and ICH.
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intracranial hypertension, posttraumatic vasospasm, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, traumatic brain injury.
intracranial hypertension, posttraumatic vasospasm, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, traumatic brain injury.
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INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE DYNAMICS ASSESSED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE DYNAMICS ASSESSED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER
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intracranial pressure dynamics, transcranial Doppler.
intracranial pressure dynamics, transcranial Doppler.
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This comprises not only the correct identification of MES in the transcranial Doppler signal but also the ease of use.
It has been shown for different patient categories that the detection of microembolic signals (MES) in the middle cerebral artery helps to estimate the risk of future cerebrovascular events. The strength of the evidence for this relationship differs for the different clinical situations. So, the question whether automated MES detection should be applied in the daily clinical context depends not only on the adequacy of the detection system. However, a properly functional system is a prerequisite for its succesful clinical application. This comprises not only the correct identification of MES in the transcranial Doppler signal but also the ease of use. Only if both criteria are fulfilled automated MES detection is likely to be used in clinical practice.
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transcranial Doppler.
transcranial Doppler.
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Blood transfusions decrease stroke risk in patients deemed high risk by transcranial Doppler (TCD) by evidence of elevated intracranial internal carotid or middle cerebral artery velocity.
Stroke is an important complication of sickle cell disease. Approximately twenty-four percent of patients have a stroke by the age of 45 years. Blood transfusions decrease stroke risk in patients deemed high risk by transcranial Doppler (TCD) by evidence of elevated intracranial internal carotid or middle cerebral artery velocity. A follow-up of neurologically symptomatic and asymptomatic sickle cell patients increased other factors were significant in the identification of patients at risk that could include: velocity in the ophthalmic artery > that of the ipsilateral MCA, maximum velocity in the posterior cerebral (PCA), vertebral, or basilar arteries > maximum velocity in the MCA, turbulence, PCA visualized without the MCA. These news observations in TCD exams have been included in a practical way and will be discussed. TCD screening itself only stratifies stroke risk, but does not prevent stroke; stroke prevention depends on the implementation of chronic transfusion therapy. However, access to vascular laboratories appears to be a barrier to the implementation of this highly effective stroke prevention strategy, even among children with comprehensive health insurance. The difficulties in performing the examination, differences in imaging and nonimaging techniques, and interpretation guidelines are the main problems.
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sickle cell disease, stroke prevention, transcranial Doppler, thrombosis.
sickle cell disease, stroke prevention, transcranial Doppler, thrombosis.
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Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli.
The most common types of CVDs are ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, hemorrhagic stroke and vascular dementia. CVDs affect millions of people worldwide, regardless of age, and represent a group of very important medical and social problems. Therefore, their prevention is becoming an imperative. Risk factors, such as age, gender, genetic factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholsterolemia, atrial fibrillation, orlifestyle,are causing changes of vessel walls which lead to CVD. Early changes of the blood vessel wall can be detected by early ultrasound screening methods which allow us to detect changes before the disease becomes clinically evident. Intracranial hemodynamics can be assessed by Transcranial Doppler Sonography (TCD), functional TCD with various functional tests, and TCD detection of cerebral emboli. Extracranial circulation (carotid and vertebral arteries) can be assessed by means of color Doppler flow imaging (CDFI). Novel ultrasound technology enables us non-invasive, bedside detection ofearly vascular changes such as arterial stiffness,
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Only those with complete vessel recanalization as assessed by post-procedural DSA and in whom MRA and transcranial duplex sonography (TDS) were performed were retained.
Acute ischemic stroke patients suffering from acute intracranial single large artery occlusion in which mechanical thrombectomy using stent retrievers was performed were studied. Only those with complete vessel recanalization as assessed by post-procedural DSA and in whom MRA and transcranial duplex sonography (TDS) were performed were retained. Complete revascularization was defined as modified TICI 2b or 3. Patients treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis or stenting of these arteries were excluded.
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Thispilot study isthe first showing with transcranial duplex sonography early very focal acceleration of blood flow velocities in intracranial arteries after thrombectomy with stent retrievers.
Thispilot study isthe first showing with transcranial duplex sonography early very focal acceleration of blood flow velocities in intracranial arteries after thrombectomy with stent retrievers. In the absence of residual stenosis or vasospasms, this might be a sign of vessel wall i.e. intimal injury in humans. Whether this is due to local inflammatory agents, neothrombosis or myointimal hyperplasia is not yet clear.
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acute ischemic stroke, stent retrievers, thrombectomy, transcranial duplex ultrasound.
acute ischemic stroke, stent retrievers, thrombectomy, transcranial duplex ultrasound.
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deep brain stimulation, movement disorders, substania nigra, transcranial sonography.
deep brain stimulation, movement disorders, substania nigra, transcranial sonography.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is useful for detection of micro embolic signal (MES), however, it is insufficient for Japanese patients without temporal bone window.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is useful for detection of micro embolic signal (MES), however, it is insufficient for Japanese patients without temporal bone window. So we developed a novel probe attached to the cervix for detection of MES at carotid artery which can be evaluated in almost all of the patients. Our purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical availability of this probe.
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HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH DEEP SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER STUDY
HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH DEEP SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS AND COCHLEAR IMPLANT: A FUNCTIONAL TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER STUDY
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To study hemispheric lateralization of language in a group of children with deep hearing loss and cochlear implant (CI) and in a control group (CG) by functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD).
To study hemispheric lateralization of language in a group of children with deep hearing loss and cochlear implant (CI) and in a control group (CG) by functional transcranial Doppler (fTCD).
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COUNTERPRODUCTIVE RESULTS WITH THE USE OF AN EMBOLI PROTECTION DEVICE IN THE PREVENTION OF MICROEMBOLISMS DETECTED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER IN CAROTID STENT PLACEMENT
COUNTERPRODUCTIVE RESULTS WITH THE USE OF AN EMBOLI PROTECTION DEVICE IN THE PREVENTION OF MICROEMBOLISMS DETECTED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER IN CAROTID STENT PLACEMENT
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Cerebral embolisation was monitored using transcranial Doppler of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery.
We retrospectively analyzed data of 837 carotid stent procedures between December 1997 and January 2012. Cerebral embolisation was monitored using transcranial Doppler of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. Isolated microembolic signals and microembolic showers (cardiac cycles with too many embolisms to count separately) were counted.
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Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
Poster Session I–3. Transcranial Ultrasound – Experimental, Clinical and Functional
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CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT WITH TRANSCRANIAL COLOR DUPLEX IN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT WITH TRANSCRANIAL COLOR DUPLEX IN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION EXPERIMENTAL MODEL
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animal model, intracranial hypertension, transcranial color duplex.
animal model, intracranial hypertension, transcranial color duplex.
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We assessed the motor stimulus to blood flow velocity (BFV) changes of bilateral middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular events and normal subjects.
We assessed the motor stimulus to blood flow velocity (BFV) changes of bilateral middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) by transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonography in patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular events and normal subjects.
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TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER AND OXIMETRY TISSUE CATHETER MONITORING IN DIFFUSE BRAIN VASOSPASM
TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER AND OXIMETRY TISSUE CATHETER MONITORING IN DIFFUSE BRAIN VASOSPASM
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TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER EVALUATION OF BOW HUNTER SYNDROME: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER EVALUATION OF BOW HUNTER SYNDROME: CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Here we describe the application of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in diagnosis of BHS.
Bow Hunter´s syndrome (BHS) reflects a perturbation of blood flow provoked by changes in the position of head. Symptoms include syncope, dizziness, vertigo, visual blurriness, drop attacks, tinnitus, hypoacusis, and sensory or motor deficits. Here we describe the application of Transcranial Doppler (TCD) in diagnosis of BHS.
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Bow Hunter, dizziness, transcranial Doppler, stroke.
Bow Hunter, dizziness, transcranial Doppler, stroke.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) pulsatile index (PI) has been interpreted as a marker for distal vascular resistance and reflects microangiopahty in cerebral arteries.
Lacunar infarction was considered due to occlusion of small penetrating artery and disease of small cerebral arteriole. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) pulsatile index (PI) has been interpreted as a marker for distal vascular resistance and reflects microangiopahty in cerebral arteries. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased PI might be associated with more large infarct size due to progressed underlying microangiopathy in patients with acute lacunar stroke.
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lacunar stroke, pulsatile index, transcranial
lacunar stroke, pulsatile index, transcranial
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MICROEMBOLIC SIGNALS DETECTION DURING ROUTINE TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER AFTER ACUTE SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
MICROEMBOLIC SIGNALS DETECTION DURING ROUTINE TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER AFTER ACUTE SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE
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The aim of this study was to describe the detection of some MES during routine vasospasm monitoring by transcranial Doppler (TCD).
The cerebral vasospasm is considered one of the most common and serious complications of Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can be a cause of neurological ischemic transient or permanent, and contributes to increased rates of morbidity and mortality of patients. Previous studies suggested that intracranial aneurysms can act as sources of distal embolization. Spontaneous thrombus can be observed within the aneurysmal sac, presumably because of turbulence and slow flow. The aim of this study was to describe the detection of some MES during routine vasospasm monitoring by transcranial Doppler (TCD).
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brain vasospasm, microembolic signals, subarachnoid hemorrhage, transcranial Doppler.
brain vasospasm, microembolic signals, subarachnoid hemorrhage, transcranial Doppler.
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A TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY MONITORING
A TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY MONITORING
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Simultaneous transcranial Doppler, blood pressure and heart rate monitoring was performed at rest and after cold stress, deep breathing and head-up tilt.
mellitus type 2 (age range 45-67years) and 10 presumed healthy age and sex matched controls were included in the study. Simultaneous transcranial Doppler, blood pressure and heart rate monitoring was performed at rest and after cold stress, deep breathing and head-up tilt. The systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were measured and the blood flow velocity (BFV) parameters of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were recorded. Comparison of the effects of the different stimuli on the blood pressure and BFV was performed.
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The cerebral hemodynamics was evaluated by cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries, using a device transcranial Doppler, equipped with a 2 MHz probe.
We evaluated 25 patients with diagnosis of FHF admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of liver transplantation in Hospital das Clinicas, Sao Paulo University Medical School, of whom 17 patients were evaluated before and after liver transplantation. The cerebral hemodynamics was evaluated by cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries, using a device transcranial Doppler, equipped with a 2 MHz probe. Assessment of cerebral autoregulation was evaluated by the ratio of static autoregulation that takes into account the effects of increased PAM on cerebral blood flow velocity. For this, promoted the increase in MAP (20 mmHg to 30 mmHg) after infused with norepinephrine.
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brain vascular autoregulation, fulminant hepatic failure, transcranial Doppler.
brain vascular autoregulation, fulminant hepatic failure, transcranial Doppler.
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TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER MONITORING DURING HYPOTERMIC CIRCULATION ARREST
TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER MONITORING DURING HYPOTERMIC CIRCULATION ARREST
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We monitored maximum blood flow velocities of bilateral middle cerebral arteries using the transcranial doppler (Multi-Dop T, Oxford Medical) at four periods: after induction of anestesia, during cardiopulmonary bypass, during antegrade cerebral perfusion and after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass.
Ten patients (mean age of 52±8,3 years) were monitored. We monitored maximum blood flow velocities of bilateral middle cerebral arteries using the transcranial doppler (Multi-Dop T, Oxford Medical) at four periods: after induction of anestesia, during cardiopulmonary bypass, during antegrade cerebral perfusion and after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass. Also we used trascranial doppler monitoring with embol detection.
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Transcranial doppler monitoring is important method of assessment the cerebral blood flow in operation on aortic arch during hypotermic circulation arrest.
Transcranial doppler monitoring is important method of assessment the cerebral blood flow in operation on aortic arch during hypotermic circulation arrest.
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cerebral perfusion, transcranial monitoring.
cerebral perfusion, transcranial monitoring.
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Transcranial Doppler can evaluate intracranial hypertension relief after this surgical procedure measuring brain blood flow velocities, pulsatility and resistivity index.
shunt (RVSS) is proposed in order to solve the question of ventricular catheterization complications related to siphoning. Transcranial Doppler can evaluate intracranial hypertension relief after this surgical procedure measuring brain blood flow velocities, pulsatility and resistivity index.
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The blood flow velocity, pulsatility and resistivity index were measured in the middle cerebral artery before and after RVSS by transcranial Doppler.
We have applied RVSS in 6 patients with myelomeningocele correction, whom have shown progression of hydrocephalus with less than 6 months old. Mean age was 3 months. The blood flow velocity, pulsatility and resistivity index were measured in the middle cerebral artery before and after RVSS by transcranial Doppler. Transfontanel echography and Doppler of the superior sagittal sinus were also performed. The surgical technique involves 2 skull burr-holes under the same arcuate incision in the scalp: one in the posterior parietal bone (point Frazier) and another in the middle third of the sagittal suture. After opening the parietal dura, lateral ventricle was punctured and then a small opening was made in the superior sagittal sinus. Then the catheter was inserted approximately 2 cm in the
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Although still preliminary, improved hemodynamic encephalic demonstrated by transcranial Doppler was compatible with the clinical improvement of patients.
Although still preliminary, improved hemodynamic encephalic demonstrated by transcranial Doppler was compatible with the clinical improvement of patients. Therefore, this method may be a useful tool for assessing the pre post operative brain hemodynamic in patients with hydrocephalus.
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brain artery velocities, hydrocephalus, transcranial Doppler, ventricle sinus shunt.
brain artery velocities, hydrocephalus, transcranial Doppler, ventricle sinus shunt.
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cerebral artery was performed by transcranial Doppler (TCD), in order to reveal MES and HC (left acoustical temporal bone window was inadequate).
cerebral artery was performed by transcranial Doppler (TCD), in order to reveal MES and HC (left acoustical temporal bone window was inadequate). Moreover, patient underwent brain magnetic resonance with diffusion-weighted sequences (MRDWI) before and after TAVI.
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aortic valve implantation, ischemic brain lesion, transcranial Doppler.
aortic valve implantation, ischemic brain lesion, transcranial Doppler.
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DOES STENT DESIGN INFLUENCE EMBOLISATION DETECTED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER DURING CAROTID ARTERY STENTING?
DOES STENT DESIGN INFLUENCE EMBOLISATION DETECTED BY TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER DURING CAROTID ARTERY STENTING?
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We studied effects of stent design on embolisation detected by transcranial Doppler during carotid artery stenting.
We studied effects of stent design on embolisation detected by transcranial Doppler during carotid artery stenting.
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Cerebral embolisation was measured by transcranial Doppler of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery.
, n=296). Cerebral embolisation was measured by transcranial Doppler of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. Isolated microembolisms and microembolic showers (cardiac cycles with too many emboli to count separately) were counted.
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Transcranial duplex scanning was used for haemodynamic assessment of the occlusion and recanalization.
Two men and one woman, mean age of 61.6, two with MCA occlusion and one with posterior AIS, were treated. Clinical outcome was assessed according to NIHSS and mRS on day 1, 30 and 90. Neuroimaging included non-contrast CT or MRI, diffusion and angio MRI. All patients underwent cerebral angiography and met criteria for endovascular TL. Transcranial duplex scanning was used for haemodynamic assessment of the occlusion and recanalization. Actiyse was infused supraselectively via microcatheter in a mean dose of 38.3 mg. TICI score was documented at the end of the procedure. Post-procedural I.V. 24 h heparin infusion was given to one patient with poor TICI result.
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It is supposed that Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) during thrombolysis may help to expose thrombi to tissue plasminogen acPvator (t-PA).
It is supposed that Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) during thrombolysis may help to expose thrombi to tissue plasminogen acPvator (t-PA). The aim of this study is to determine if TCD can safely enhance the thrombolyPc acPvity of t-PA.
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In order to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve capacity in the brain tissue, acetazolamide (ACZ) cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) has been measured in major cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler sonography.
In order to evaluate cerebrovascular reserve capacity in the brain tissue, acetazolamide (ACZ) cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) has been measured in major cerebral arteries by transcranial Doppler sonography. This has shown some correlation with CVR in the brain tissue, as measured by neuroradiological modalities.
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We have evaluated ACZ CVR in the brain tissue by transcranial power modulation imaging (PMI) and correlated with transcranial color duplex sonography (TCDS) observed CVR in the major arteries.
We have evaluated ACZ CVR in the brain tissue by transcranial power modulation imaging (PMI) and correlated with transcranial color duplex sonography (TCDS) observed CVR in the major arteries.
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After a bolus intravenous Levovist®, transcranial PMI was evaluated via temporal windows in 11 patients without and 10 patients with a transducer holder (Sonopod).
Time-averaged maximum velocity (Vmax) in the middle/posterior cerebral arteries (MCA/PCA) was measured by TCDS before/after ACZ. After a bolus intravenous Levovist®, transcranial PMI was evaluated via temporal windows in 11 patients without and 10 patients with a transducer holder (Sonopod). Peak intensity (PI) and time to PI (TPI) before/ after ACZ were measured and CVR calculated on the basis of time-intensity curves in five regions of interest; bilateral basal ganglia (BG) and thalamus (Th), and contralateral temporal lobe (TL). Correlations between Vmax and PI/ TPI in the corresponding vascular territories were evaluated before/after ACZ and in CVR.
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In Parkinson's disease (PD), transcranial sonography (TCS) has been used to evaluate substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity as a diagnostic tool.
In Parkinson's disease (PD), transcranial sonography (TCS) has been used to evaluate substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity as a diagnostic tool. To quantify SN hyperechogenicity in patients with PD and Parkinsonian syndrome (PS), we applied semi-quantified evaluation method.
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TCS was performed using a conventional transcranial Doppler sonography equipped with 2.5 MHz transducer.
Hospitalized patients with PD (n=28) and patients with PS (n=17) and in-hospital controls (n=10) were included. The PS group consisted of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (n=7) and multiple system atrophy (n=10). TCS was performed using a conventional transcranial Doppler sonography equipped with 2.5 MHz transducer. The SN was identified within midbrain, and then the area of echogenic signals was encircled and measured according to Berg et al. Next, echogenic signal of SN and dorsal midbrain were converted into grayscale using Adobe Photoshop and a median value of SN and dorsal midbrain on histogram was obtained. The SN to dorsal midbrain ratio was calculated.
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substantia nigra, transcranial sonography.
substantia nigra, transcranial sonography.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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19. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 1 , , ,

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. ln: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. ln: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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20. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 10, 2014, No. 2 , , ,

Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk
Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk
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Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk.
Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk.
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Neurosonology (Cervical vessel color-coded duplex ultrasonography, Transcranial Doppler sonography, and Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography); Diagnostics and therapy of cerebrovascular diseases acute ischemic stroke, especially in the young, cervical artery dissection, acute surgical/endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke.
Neurosonology (Cervical vessel color-coded duplex ultrasonography, Transcranial Doppler sonography, and Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography); Diagnostics and therapy of cerebrovascular diseases acute ischemic stroke, especially in the young, cervical artery dissection, acute surgical/endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Neuropsychological and behavioral examination and evaluation, Neurosonology (Extracranial/Transcranial ultrasound, Temporal arteries sonography, Orbita ultrasonography), Ultrasound examination of the brain parenchyma (basal ganglia), Stroke management (including thrombolytic therapy and sonothombolysis).
Neuropsychological and behavioral examination and evaluation, Neurosonology (Extracranial/Transcranial ultrasound, Temporal arteries sonography, Orbita ultrasonography), Ultrasound examination of the brain parenchyma (basal ganglia), Stroke management (including thrombolytic therapy and sonothombolysis).
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Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
Cerebrovascular Disorders (genetics, path-physiology of arteriosclerosisespecially the role of insulin resistance in atherogenesis, asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis and vascular dementia, rare causes of stroke especially in young adults), Ultrasound Techniques in Neurology (Power Triplex Color Doppler, Transcranial Doppler, detection of the circulating micro emboli and cerebral vasomotor reactivity testing, sonothrombolysis), chronic headaches (co-morbidity of migraine, chronic tension type of headache, rare headaches-SUNCT, cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicranias), Neuropsychology and Dementia, Movement Disorders (neuroimaging techniques, brain parenchyma sonography).
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Moreover, initial occlusion of a vessel at a bifurcation followed by spontaneous recanalization (the timing of recanalization may vary widely with the correspondent clinical consequences) or documentation of active embolization through the detection of microembolic signals (MES) by transcranial Doppler are also indicative.
In the acute stroke the neurosonological study of the cervical and cerebral arteries may suggest a cardiac aetiology, which can be important in the case of a paroxysmal AF. In fact, the absence of significant arterial extraand intracranial pathology (such as atherosclerotic plaques, arterial dissection or other) in the case of a patient with a nonlacunar stroke is highly suggestive of an upstream (cardiac) source of an embolus. Moreover, initial occlusion of a vessel at a bifurcation followed by spontaneous recanalization (the timing of recanalization may vary widely with the correspondent clinical consequences) or documentation of active embolization through the detection of microembolic signals (MES) by transcranial Doppler are also indicative. Lastly, even if the exam is not performed on the first day, Doppler hemodynamic signs of post-ischemia hyperaemia in a symptomatic territory suggest a recent revascularization of an embolic occlusion [1].
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Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk
Functional Transcranial Doppler in Stroke Risk
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transcranial Doppler
transcranial Doppler
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) allows a continuous and non-invasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries, which change according to distal arterioles vasomotor variations.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) allows a continuous and non-invasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries, which change according to distal arterioles vasomotor variations. Functional TCD is a tool designed to measure the increase of local cerebral blood flow due to regional cortical neuronal activation, accomplished by the neurovascular coupling.
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Functional transcranial Doppler in stroke risk is a new cerebrovascular research area, as reflected by the few published articles related to this topic.
Functional transcranial Doppler in stroke risk is a new cerebrovascular research area, as reflected by the few published articles related to this topic.
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It will be shown how transcranial Doppler can study the neurovascular coupling, and finally how this functional transcranial Doppler is able to potentially evaluate stroke risk.
In this presentation some physiologic aspects of cerebrovascular hemodynamics will be firstly discussed, with a focus on neurovascular coupling. It will be shown how transcranial Doppler can study the neurovascular coupling, and finally how this functional transcranial Doppler is able to potentially evaluate stroke risk.
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How can Transcranial Doppler (TCD) evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity?
How can Transcranial Doppler (TCD) evaluate cerebrovascular reactivity?
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a non-invasive ultrasonographic procedure that measures local blood flow velocity and direction of blood vessels in the proximal portions of large intracranial arteries.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a non-invasive ultrasonographic procedure that measures local blood flow velocity and direction of blood vessels in the proximal portions of large intracranial arteries.
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Since its first development, described in 1982 by Rune Aaslid, transcranial Doppler has allowed a continuous and non-invasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries, through temporal bone “windows” [1].
Since its first development, described in 1982 by Rune Aaslid, transcranial Doppler has allowed a continuous and non-invasive monitoring of cerebral blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries, through temporal bone “windows” [1]. Although TCD does not register directly CBF in the small vasoactive arteriolar system, but rather in the cerebral basal distribution arteries, distal arteriolar calibre variation in response to physiologic stimuli will induce flow variations on basal arteries, and therefore blood flow velocity. It could be argued that TCD measures CBF velocities and does not measure the CBF itself. Nevertheless, since flow is equal to the product of area and velocity, and calibre in insonated basal cerebral vessels remains constant with pressure changes of up to 20 mmHg, flow velocity changes correlate closely to flow changes. So, TCD allows continuous non-invasive monitoring of regional CBF variations, doing it with an excellent temporal resolution [2, 9, 19].
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Functional transcranial Doppler
Functional transcranial Doppler
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Functional transcranial Doppler and stroke risk
Functional transcranial Doppler and stroke risk
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It is expected that endothelial dysfunction will affect the normal dynamic characteristics of the visual evoked blood flow, and it has been shown with functional transcranial Doppler that vascular risk factors interfere with NVC.
It is expected that endothelial dysfunction will affect the normal dynamic characteristics of the visual evoked blood flow, and it has been shown with functional transcranial Doppler that vascular risk factors interfere with NVC.
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While age ranging from 10 – 60 years did not affect NVC in a functional transcranial Doppler (TCD) study with a visual stimulation task and monitoring posterior cerebral artery [17], another study involving young and old subjects that assessed NVC in the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries during visual and executive function tasks found that overall NVC seems to be altered with aging [21].
While age ranging from 10 – 60 years did not affect NVC in a functional transcranial Doppler (TCD) study with a visual stimulation task and monitoring posterior cerebral artery [17], another study involving young and old subjects that assessed NVC in the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries during visual and executive function tasks found that overall NVC seems to be altered with aging [21]. While the younger group showed taskspecific flow activation in one territory at a time, the older group showed a generalized increase in blood flow in both the territories in response to both tasks suggesting generalization of cerebral activity to compensate for age related loss of region specific function. Similar generalization of cerebral activity was also reported with functional MRI during cognitive tasks in elderly people [6].
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Functional transcranial Doppler can also be useful for evaluating presymptomatic and even prelesional subjects with genetic diseases affecting the endothelial function.
Functional transcranial Doppler can also be useful for evaluating presymptomatic and even prelesional subjects with genetic diseases affecting the endothelial function. As cerebrovascular disease is known to progress asymptomatically in the early stages of Fabry disease, a cohort of patients from families with the classical phenotype were studied with functional transcranial Doppler. The authors concluded that Fabry disease patients of both genders, without prior history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, may have disturbed neurovascular coupling in the visual cortex, as well as decreased resting posterior cerebral artery BFV. These findings support the role of functional TCD, along with duplex ultrasound and MR techniques, in the evaluation of these patients, since early stages of disease [4]. Finally, interesting findings seem to show that cerebral blood flow regulation may reflect the neurological dysfunction caused by cerebral microvascular disease [22, 23]. Data from the MOBILIZE Boston study shows that changes in CBF velocity responses to an N-Back task to study the NVC was significantly associated with gait speed and that subjects with higher NVC were able to suppress the negative relationship between white matter hyperintensities and gait speed [23].
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As cerebrovascular disease is known to progress asymptomatically in the early stages of Fabry disease, a cohort of patients from families with the classical phenotype were studied with functional transcranial Doppler.
Functional transcranial Doppler can also be useful for evaluating presymptomatic and even prelesional subjects with genetic diseases affecting the endothelial function. As cerebrovascular disease is known to progress asymptomatically in the early stages of Fabry disease, a cohort of patients from families with the classical phenotype were studied with functional transcranial Doppler. The authors concluded that Fabry disease patients of both genders, without prior history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, may have disturbed neurovascular coupling in the visual cortex, as well as decreased resting posterior cerebral artery BFV. These findings support the role of functional TCD, along with duplex ultrasound and MR techniques, in the evaluation of these patients, since early stages of disease [4]. Finally, interesting findings seem to show that cerebral blood flow regulation may reflect the neurological dysfunction caused by cerebral microvascular disease [22, 23]. Data from the MOBILIZE Boston study shows that changes in CBF velocity responses to an N-Back task to study the NVC was significantly associated with gait speed and that subjects with higher NVC were able to suppress the negative relationship between white matter hyperintensities and gait speed [23]. A better understanding of the relationship between cerebral hemodynamics and structural changes in the aging brain is an essential step towards identifying preventive and therapeutic strategies
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In conclusion, functional transcranial Doppler allows gathering new information about neurovascular coupling, contributing to the evaluation of vascular risk even in pre-symptomatic subjects, which outlines its interest as a non-invasive tool for cerebral hemodynamics research.
In conclusion, functional transcranial Doppler allows gathering new information about neurovascular coupling, contributing to the evaluation of vascular risk even in pre-symptomatic subjects, which outlines its interest as a non-invasive tool for cerebral hemodynamics research.
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Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
Aaslid R, Markwalder TM, Nornes H. Noninvasive transcranial Doppler ultrasound recording of flow velocity in basal cerebral arteries.
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Transcranial Doppler and brain death.
Azevedo E, Teixeira J, Neves JC, Vaz R. Transcranial Doppler and brain death.
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Functional transcranial Doppler: presymptomatic changes in fabry disease.
Azevedo E, Mendes A, Seixas D, Santos R, Castro P, AyresBasto M, Rosengarten B, Oliveira JP. Functional transcranial Doppler: presymptomatic changes in fabry disease.
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Transcranial measurement of blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: velocity as an index of flow.
House FR, Gosling RG. Transcranial measurement of blood velocities in the basal cerebral arteries using pulsed Doppler ultrasound: velocity as an index of flow.
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Reproducibility of functional transcranial Doppler sonography in determining hemispheric language lateralization.
Knecht S, Deppe M, Ringelstein EB, Wirtz M, Lohmann H, Drager B, Huber T, Henningsen H. Reproducibility of functional transcranial Doppler sonography in determining hemispheric language lateralization.
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Visually evoked cerebral vasomotor response in smoking and nonsmoking young adults, investigated by functional transcranial Doppler.
Olah L, Raiter Y, Candale C, Molnar S, Rosengarten B, Bornstein NM, Csiba L. Visually evoked cerebral vasomotor response in smoking and nonsmoking young adults, investigated by functional transcranial Doppler.
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Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) and functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) are the neurosonological methods most frequently used for the assessment of a patient's vascular status, and the information obtained is helpful in the diagnosis of various forms of dementia.
Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) and functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) are the neurosonological methods most frequently used for the assessment of a patient's vascular status, and the information obtained is helpful in the diagnosis of various forms of dementia. CDFI may show evidence of impaired cerebral blood flow. Ultrasound parameters, intima-media thickness (IMT), circumferential arterial stiffness, resistance, and pulsatility indexes of the common carotid artery were found to be age-dependent. Thus, these parameters can be used to determine the actual vascular age of individuals [23, 17].
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Assessment of blood flow velocity, flow
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Assessment of blood flow velocity, flow
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Functinal Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) Measures cerebral blood flow velocity changes
Functinal Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) Measures cerebral blood flow velocity changes
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) – emboli detection
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) – emboli detection
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Transcranial Doppler also has a place in detecting asymptomatic spontaneous cerebral emboli (ASCE) which are common findings in patients with VaD and AD [28].
Transcranial Doppler also has a place in detecting asymptomatic spontaneous cerebral emboli (ASCE) which are common findings in patients with VaD and AD [28]. One of the most common sources of ASCE is carotid artery disease. Embolic signals are often detected by TCD of the middle cerebral arteries when monitored for a number of hours in most patients with symptomatic and severe stenosis [29]. Results of large emboli are stroke and transient ischaemic attack, but repeated small asymptomatic emboli over a long period of time may cause progressive cerebral damage. During open heart surgery or carotid surgery microemboli entering the cerebral circulation might cause memory loss and cognitive impairment. [30, 31] Valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation and paradoxal embolisation of venous emboli into the arterial circulation may also result in ASCE [32, 33].
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Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia.
Doepp F, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ. Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer’s dementia.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was introduced as a therapeutic tool for improving the efficacy of rehabilitation for recovery after stroke.
In recent years, efforts have focused on investigating the neurophysiological changes that occur in the brain after stroke, and on developing novel strategies such as additional brain stimulation to enhance sensorimotor and cognitive recovery. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was introduced as a therapeutic tool for improving the efficacy of rehabilitation for recovery after stroke. The current hypothesis is that disturbances of interhemispheric activities after stroke result in a pathological hyperactivity of the intact hemisphere. The rationale of using rTMS as a complementary therapy is mainly to decrease the cortical excitability in regions that are presumed to hinder optimal recovery by lowfrequency rTMS delivered to the unaffected hemi-
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Similar discussion are held in the literature about the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
sphere, while high-frequency rTMS delivered to the affected hemisphere facilitates cortical excitability. There is a growing body of research in stroke patients investigating the effect of rTMS on facilitating recovery by modifying cortical and subcortical networks. Altogether, in combination with conventional therapeutic approaches, rTMS has a potential to become a complementary strategy to enhance stroke recovery by modulating the excitability of targeted brain areas. Today it is not clear which parameters (frequency, burst pattern, stimulation time etc) are optimizing the beneficial effects of rTMS on stroke recovery. Similar discussion are held in the literature about the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
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Role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke rehabilitation.
Pinter MM, Brainin M. Role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke rehabilitation.
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A review on the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on post-stroke aphasia.
Wong IS, Tsang HW. A review on the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on post-stroke aphasia.
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motor evoked potentials, rehabilitation, stroke, transcranial magnetic stimulation
motor evoked potentials, rehabilitation, stroke, transcranial magnetic stimulation
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This syllabus discusses the usefulness of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a brain imaging tool in stroke patients.
This syllabus discusses the usefulness of navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a brain imaging tool in stroke patients. TMS assessment of the motor tract function and walking ability over time in stroke patients with poor or non-existent initial gait is in the focus. Main data is derived from twenty-seven patients, first assessed one week post-stroke, and followed up for six months. Outcome measure in these patients was walking ability. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) in lower limbs early on predicted better physical functioning at 3 weeks and at 6 months in all patients (p
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Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of functional recovery mechanisms after stroke.
Dimyan MA, Cohen LG. Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of functional recovery mechanisms after stroke.
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Effects of treadmill exercise on transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced excitability to quadriceps after stroke.
Forrester LW, Hanley DF, Macko RF. Effects of treadmill exercise on transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced excitability to quadriceps after stroke.
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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is applied to enhance motor recovery by a non-invasive deep brain stimulation of motor cortex.
Both robotic devices and FES can be controlled or triggered by biological signals recorded from the patient. Such positive feedback loop can enhance learning. The new approaches as braincomputer interfacing (BCI) and Functional near infrared spectroscopy-based BCIs are under investigations [6]. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is applied to enhance motor recovery by a non-invasive deep brain stimulation of motor cortex.
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Important data on the intracranial circulation can be collected by Transcranial Doppler (TCD) or Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) through regions of the skull where the bone is naturally thin named bone windows; the main windows are the transtemporal, the transforaminal and the submandibular.
Important data on the intracranial circulation can be collected by Transcranial Doppler (TCD) or Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS) through regions of the skull where the bone is naturally thin named bone windows; the main windows are the transtemporal, the transforaminal and the submandibular. The patency of the bone windows depends on several factors: bone thickness, patient age, gender, race and brain parenchyma. A thicker bone, old age, female gender, black race and brain atrophy make examinations more difficult. In these cases the signal can be enhanced by using ultrasound contrast agents. The most important characteristics
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While transcranial ultrasound has very high specificity, sensitivity and negative predictive value, it has only modest positive predictive value, thus requiring confirmation by other imaging modality such as CTA or conventional cerebral angiography.
2) and dampened flow signal (TIBI 3) are criteria for distal occlusion. Indirect criteria of intracranial arterial occlusion comprise high resistance in the feeding vessel or in the proximal segment of the occluded vessel, flow diversion and signs of collateralization. Analogously to intracranial occlusion, intracranial stenosis criteria are direct and indirect. Direct criteria include progressive focal increase of lood flow velocities in 2 50% stenosis or paradoxical velocity decrease with very severe stenosis, near-occlusion or diffuse intracranial disease. Indirect criteria, which are present only in very severe stenosis (>80%), are the same as for occlusion: high resistance in the feeding vessel or in the proximal segment of the stenotic vessel, flow diversion and signs of collateralization. While transcranial ultrasound has very high specificity, sensitivity and negative predictive value, it has only modest positive predictive value, thus requiring confirmation by other imaging modality such as CTA or conventional cerebral angiography.
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Transcranial ultrasound can surely help by studying collaterals, testing for vasomotor reactivity and detecting emboli.
Once the anatomical diagnosis of an intracranial stenosis is made, it is crucial to understand the functional significance and the hemodynamic effects of the stenosis. Transcranial ultrasound can surely help by studying collaterals, testing for vasomotor reactivity and detecting emboli. In fact TCD/TCCS can provide real-time information on collateral flow and in case of vessel obstruction, activation of collateral pathways is very important for the clinical outcome of the patient. A complete circle of Willis and the possibility to activate primary collaterals (anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery) or secondary collaterals (ophthalmic artery, leptomeningeal arteries) reduces the risk of hemodynamic ischemic stroke. Sometimes we see a compensatory increase of blood flow velocity in the donor vessel due to recruitment of collaterals by vasodilation in tissues with compromised perfusion. This is called flow diversion and represents a natural steal by vessels distal to an arterial occlusion.
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Transcranial ultrasound is the only diagnostic method that can detect clinically silent emboli; this requires continuous monitoring of the major intracranial arteries and according to the current consensus the duration of the monitoring should be at least one hour.
Transcranial ultrasound is the only diagnostic method that can detect clinically silent emboli; this requires continuous monitoring of the major intracranial arteries and according to the current consensus the duration of the monitoring should be at least one hour. Microembolic signal (MES) detection identifies patients who are at higher risk of atheroembolic stroke, thus allowing to select those patients who could benefit from a more aggressive treatment. MES are also valid surrogate markers for verifying antithrombotic efficacy and a key for individualized stroke medicine.
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In these patients, angioplasty alone or in combination with new stent types might still be an option, and transcranial ultrasound can quickly assess vessel patency by recording intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes post-operatively.
cium channel blockers for vasospasm, antiplatelet agents for dissection, immunosuppressants for vasculitis, intensive risk factor management and dual antiplatelet treatment for ICAS. In patients with recurrent symptoms despite best medical therapy, ultrasound can detect a possible progression of the stenosis, exclude a branch occlusion, check for a possible increase of the embolic count downstream. The SAMMPRIS study has shown that early aggressive medical therapy is better than stenting for prevention of recurrent stroke. Nevertheless, there are subgroups of patients who remain at high risk of stroke despite aggressive medical therapy. In these patients, angioplasty alone or in combination with new stent types might still be an option, and transcranial ultrasound can quickly assess vessel patency by recording intracranial arterial hemodynamics changes post-operatively. In particular, due to the metal composition of the stent, TCCS can clearly display the stent, thereby determining the location and shape of it. When the treatment is effective, there is a significant and immediate decrease of blood flow velocities; after about a week, owing to the reshaping of the stent and vascular remodeling, there is a further improvement in hemodynamics with velocity values declining toward normal. A regular follow-up of these patients is advisable in order to confirm the efficacy of stenting and to detect residual stenosis or in-stent restenosis. Finally, it is important to underline that
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Overall transcranial ultrasound provides accurate information on cerebral hemodynamics and represents the ideal modality for following disease progression and therapeutic effects.
blood flow velocities in a stented vessel are higher compared to a non-stented vessel; consequently, when verifying treatment efficacy this has to be taken into account to avoid overestimation of residual stenosis or misdiagnosis of in-stent restenosis. Overall transcranial ultrasound provides accurate information on cerebral hemodynamics and represents the ideal modality for following disease progression and therapeutic effects.
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In most stroke units the access to ultrasound for the diagnosis of intracranial arterial occlusion is quite simple, due to the wide availability of transcranial Doppler among the clinical tools of vascular neurologists.
In most stroke units the access to ultrasound for the diagnosis of intracranial arterial occlusion is quite simple, due to the wide availability of transcranial Doppler among the clinical tools of vascular neurologists. A Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and/or a Transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) are usually performed in the acute phase of IS, to detect and localize the arterial occlusion
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A Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and/or a Transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) are usually performed in the acute phase of IS, to detect and localize the arterial occlusion
In most stroke units the access to ultrasound for the diagnosis of intracranial arterial occlusion is quite simple, due to the wide availability of transcranial Doppler among the clinical tools of vascular neurologists. A Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and/or a Transcranial color-coded Doppler (TCCD) are usually performed in the acute phase of IS, to detect and localize the arterial occlusion
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Microbubble potentiated transcranial duplex ultrasound enhances IV thrombolysis in acute stroke.
Perren F, Loulidi J, Poglia D, Landis T, Sztajzel R. Microbubble potentiated transcranial duplex ultrasound enhances IV thrombolysis in acute stroke.
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Sonothrombolysis with transcranial color-coded sonography and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute middle cerebral artery main stem occlusion: results from a randomized study.
ndler G, Seidel G. Sonothrombolysis with transcranial color-coded sonography and recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute middle cerebral artery main stem occlusion: results from a randomized study.
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Can transcranial ultrasonication increase recanalization flow with tissue plasminogen activator?
Ishibashi T, Akiyama M, Onoue H, Abe T, Furuhata H. Can transcranial ultrasonication increase recanalization flow with tissue plasminogen activator?
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High rate of recanalization of middle cerebral artery occlusion during 2-MHz transcranial color coded Doppler continuous monitoring without thrombolytic drug.
Cintas P, Le Traon AP, Larrue V. High rate of recanalization of middle cerebral artery occlusion during 2-MHz transcranial color coded Doppler continuous monitoring without thrombolytic drug.
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Transcranial ultrasound in clinical sonothrombolysis (TUCSON) trial.
Molina CA, Barreto AD, Tsivgoulis G, et al. Transcranial ultrasound in clinical sonothrombolysis (TUCSON) trial.
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L. Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine.
L. Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound in swine.
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Beside crucial role in the diagnosis of the morphological and hemodynamic changes of the cerebral vasculature, during last years, novel neurosonological methods (transcranial brain parenchyma sonography-TCS, temporal arteries ultrasonography, echosonography of the optic nerve and retrobulbar vessels) find their important place in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, temporal arteritis, as well as optic nerve and ocular vessels changes.
Beside crucial role in the diagnosis of the morphological and hemodynamic changes of the cerebral vasculature, during last years, novel neurosonological methods (transcranial brain parenchyma sonography-TCS, temporal arteries ultrasonography, echosonography of the optic nerve and retrobulbar vessels) find their important place in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, temporal arteritis, as well as optic nerve and ocular vessels changes.
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Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography
Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound diagnostic method which displays echogenicity of the brain tissue through the intact skull.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound diagnostic method which displays echogenicity of the brain tissue through the intact skull.
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Based on the consensus guidelines it is suggested to perform TCS scanning through the temporal acoustic bone windows, as it is suggested for transcranial vascular ultrasound.
Based on the consensus guidelines it is suggested to perform TCS scanning through the temporal acoustic bone windows, as it is suggested for transcranial vascular ultrasound. Guidelines suggest using modern ultrasound equipped with 2.0to 3.5-MHz phased-array transducers [7-9]. For the optimal insonation of brain structures,
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K. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
K. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
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Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
Becker G, Becker T, Struck M, Lindner A, Burzer K, Retz W, Bogdahn U, Beckmann H. Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
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ger A, Lange KW, Reiners K, Becker T, Becker G.Depression in Parkinson’s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
ger A, Lange KW, Reiners K, Becker T, Becker G.Depression in Parkinson’s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography.
Naumann M, Becker G, Toyka KV, Supprian T, Reiners K. Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography.
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Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
Walter U, Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, Grossmann A, Benecke R, Niehaus L. Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
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Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: state of the art.
Walter U, Behnke S, Eyding J, Niehaus L, Postert T, Seidel G, Berg D. Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: state of the art.
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Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
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Transcranial sonography in depression.
Mijajlovic MD. Transcranial sonography in depression.
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Transcranial sonography in Parkinson's disease.
Bor-Seng-Shu E, Pedroso JL, Andrade DC, Barsottini O, Andrade LA, Barbosa E, Teixeria M. Transcranial sonography in Parkinson's disease.
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Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between Parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease.
Walter U, Dressler D, Probst T, Wolters A, Abu-Mugheisib M, Wittstock M, Benecke R. Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between Parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease.
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Transcranial sonography for the discrimination of idiopathic Parkinson's disease from the atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
Bouwmans AE, Vlaar AM, Srulijes K, Mess WH, Weber WE. Transcranial sonography for the discrimination of idiopathic Parkinson's disease from the atypical parkinsonian syndromes.
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Transcranial brain sonography findings in two main variants of progressive supranuclear palsy.
A, Svetel M. Transcranial brain sonography findings in two main variants of progressive supranuclear palsy.
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VS. Transcranial sonography in Wilson's disease.
VS. Transcranial sonography in Wilson's disease.
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D. Transcranial sonography in pantothenate kinaseassociated neurodegeneration.
D. Transcranial sonography in pantothenate kinaseassociated neurodegeneration.
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Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.
Mijajlovic M, Dragasevic N, Stefanova E, Petrovic I, Svetel M, Kostic VS. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.
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Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.
ls L. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.
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Transcranial sonography in psychiatric diseases.
Mijajlovic MD. Transcranial sonography in psychiatric diseases.
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carotid stenosis, cerebral vasomotor reactivity, transcranial Doppler sonography
carotid stenosis, cerebral vasomotor reactivity, transcranial Doppler sonography
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The alterations in the cerebral circulation are examined mainly with transcranial Doppler sonography or magnetic resonance imaging.
The cerebral vasomotor reactivity (VMR) indicates the ability of the cerebral arterioles to change their vascular tone under external stimuli. Greatest influence on the VMR exert age, endothelial functions and blood rheological properties. The most frequent influences are inhalatory induced changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and infusion of acetazolamide. The alterations in the cerebral circulation are examined mainly with transcranial Doppler sonography or magnetic resonance imaging. In patients with carotid stenoses and cerebral infarctions and also in other diseases the estimation of the VMR is important for evaluating the pathogenetic mechanisms and the clinical outcome and for selecting the therapeutic behavior in these patients.
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inhalation. Monitoring of the mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by transcranial doppler
inhalation. Monitoring of the mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by transcranial doppler
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography CO 2 Reactivity Does Not Predict Recurrent Ischaemic Stroke inPatients with Symptomatic Carotid Artery Occlusion.
Jolink WM, Heinen R, Persoon S, Van der Zwan A, Kappelle LJ, Klijn CJ. Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography CO 2 Reactivity Does Not Predict Recurrent Ischaemic Stroke inPatients with Symptomatic Carotid Artery Occlusion.
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Cerebrovascular function in aging and dementia: a systematic review of transcranial Doppler studies.
Keage HA, Churches OF, Kohler M, Pomeroy D, Luppino R, Bartolo ML, Elliott S. Cerebrovascular function in aging and dementia: a systematic review of transcranial Doppler studies.
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Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to assess cerebrovascular reactivity: reliability, reproducibility and effect of posture.
McDonnell MN, Berry NM, Cutting MA, Keage HA, Buckley JD, Howe PRC. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound to assess cerebrovascular reactivity: reliability, reproducibility and effect of posture.
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Comparison of oxygen-15 PET and transcranial Doppler CO2-reactivity measurements in identifying haemodynamic compromise in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery.
Persoon S, Kappelle LJ, Van Berckel BN, Boellaard R, Ferrier CH, Lammertsma AA, Klijn CJ. Comparison of oxygen-15 PET and transcranial Doppler CO2-reactivity measurements in identifying haemodynamic compromise in patients with symptomatic occlusion of the internal carotid artery.
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Evaluation of Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Sonography.
Uzunca I, Asil T, Balci K, Utku U. Evaluation of Vasomotor Reactivity by Transcranial Doppler Sonography. J Ultrasound Med 26, 2007: 179-185.
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Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In:
Velcheva, I., Titianova, E., Alexandrova, D., Damianov, P. Vasomotor reactivity of middle cerebral atreries in patients with cerebrovascular diseases: a transcranial Doppler sonography monitoring. In:
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Cerebrovascular reactivity in degenerative and vascular dementia: a transcranial Doppler study.
Vicenzini E, Ricciardi MC, Altieri M, Puccinelli F, Bonaffini N, Di Piero V, Lenzi GL. Cerebrovascular reactivity in degenerative and vascular dementia: a transcranial Doppler study.
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21. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 1 , , ,

The practical demonstration of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Medical Center “Galileo” – Pleven) was attended with great interest.
The practical demonstration of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (Medical Center “Galileo” – Pleven) was attended with great interest.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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22. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 11, 2015, No. 2 , , ,

Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
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Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
Correlation between Transcranial Contrast Ultrasound and Transesophageal Echocardiography
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Since the contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE) is considered the “gold” standard for right-to-left cardiac shunt detection, we compared its sensitivity with the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD).
Atrial septal defect and consequently the existence of right-to-left cardiac shunt (RLS) is a very common etiological factor in the onset of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in younger patients. Since the contrast transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE) is considered the “gold” standard for right-to-left cardiac shunt detection, we compared its sensitivity with the sensitivity of contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD). We also studied the influence of vascular risk factors on TCD parameters.
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Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale.
Nedeltchev K, Mattleb HP. Contrast-enhanced transcranial Doppler ultrasound for diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. Baumgartner RW (ed): Handbook on neurovascular ultrasound. Front Neurol Neurosci. Basel, Karger 2006, 21:206–215.
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Right-to-left shunt assessed by contrast transcranial Doppler sonography.
Uzuner N, Horner S, Pichler G, Svetina D, Niederkorn K. Right-to-left shunt assessed by contrast transcranial Doppler sonography.
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Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging, transcranial Doppler and tranesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke pateints.
Souteyrand G, Motreff P, Lusson JR et al. Comparison of transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging, transcranial Doppler and tranesophageal echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in stroke pateints.
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Simultaneous study with transcranial Doppler, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.
Gonzalez-Alujas T, Evangelista A, Santamarina E et al. Diagnosis and quantification of patent foramen ovale. Which is the reference technique? Simultaneous study with transcranial Doppler, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.
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Satellite Symposium of Actavis “Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future”
Satellite Symposium of Actavis “Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future”
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Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future.
Transcranial Doppler – Past, Present and Future.
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P25 Transcranial Sonography in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
P25 Transcranial Sonography in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease.
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TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
TRANSCRANIAL DOPPLER – PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
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In 1982, the introduction of the Transcranial Doppler (TCD) modality opened a new window on the cerebral circulation.
In 1982, the introduction of the Transcranial Doppler (TCD) modality opened a new window on the cerebral circulation. After its first use in monitoring of cerebral vasospasm and intracranial collaterals in carotid occlusive disease, a wide range of investigational and clinical applications followed.
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been recently recognized as a reliable and sensitive tool in detecting basal ganglia (BG) abnormalities in several movement disorders, where different patterned hyperechogenic lesions were demonstrated.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been recently recognized as a reliable and sensitive tool in detecting basal ganglia (BG) abnormalities in several movement disorders, where different patterned hyperechogenic lesions were demonstrated. TCS revealed reduced echogenicity of the brainstem raphe (BR) as a characteristic finding in unipolar depression and in depression associ-
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To evaluate the significance of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS), Transcranial Dopplerography (TCD) and head rotational functional tests (RFT) in PCD.
To evaluate the significance of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS), Transcranial Dopplerography (TCD) and head rotational functional tests (RFT) in PCD.
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In recent years transcranial sonography of brain parenchyma has proven its role in the diagnosis of several central nervous system disorders manifested with brain atrophy.
In recent years transcranial sonography of brain parenchyma has proven its role in the diagnosis of several central nervous system disorders manifested with brain atrophy. This method allows comparatively precise measurement of the third ventricle's diameter, which enlargement over 7 mm/10 mm in patients under/over 60 years is a sign of brain atrophy.
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The values of the third ventricle’s diameter were measured in axial plane at the level of the thalami by transcranial sonography in 14 patients at medium age of 73.50±9,67, suffering from vascular or degenerative dementia, whose CT showed brain atrophy.
The values of the third ventricle’s diameter were measured in axial plane at the level of the thalami by transcranial sonography in 14 patients at medium age of 73.50±9,67, suffering from vascular or degenerative dementia, whose CT showed brain atrophy. Parallel ultrasound and computed tomographic measurements of the third ventricle’s diameter were performed. The results were processed by correlation and variation analysis.
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А high correlation between the values of the third ventricle’s diameter, detected by transcranial sonography and the CT measurements (r=+0,89; p
А high correlation between the values of the third ventricle’s diameter, detected by transcranial sonography and the CT measurements (r=+0,89; p
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The velocity parameters of the blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
The study included 30 healthy subjects, 28 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and 30 patients with chronic unilateral cerebral infarctions (CUCI). In all of them the auditory system was stimulated with pure tone of 1000 Hz and intensity of 100 dB for 30 sec, while the vestibular system was stimulated calorically – irrigation of outer ear canal with cold water. The velocity parameters of the blood flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were monitored by transcranial Doppler sonography before and after the stimulation.
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TRANSCRANIAL SONOGRAPHY IN CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE
TRANSCRANIAL SONOGRAPHY IN CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE
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Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) enables visualization of different tissue echogenicity, which can be associated with changes in cerebral metabolism of various metals, one of potential mechanisms of brain damage in CJD.
The diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is still made on clinical grounds, with rapidly progressive dementia and electroencephalogram (EEG) changes as hallmarks, while definite confirmation requires neuropathological evaluation. Several publications demonstrated that signal increase in the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and putamen on diffusionweighted imaging (DWI) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is useful in diagnosis of sporadic CJD. Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) enables visualization of different tissue echogenicity, which can be associated with changes in cerebral metabolism of various metals, one of potential mechanisms of brain damage in CJD.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

23. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 1 , , ,

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) can be used to identify the presence of cerebral microembolic signals.
Carotid Color Doppler sonography (CDS) can determine degree of stenosis, which is the most important factor in determining the risks associated with carotid stenosis [4]. Heterogeneous plaques are hypoechoic on CDS, unstable and connected with a higher stroke risk [5]. Patients with progressively increasing stenosis are at highest risk for adverse events in the cerebral, coronary and peripheral vasculature. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) can be used to identify the presence of cerebral microembolic signals. Patients positive for embolic signals are more likely to experience ipsilateral stroke (5.6 times) [6].
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Rune Aaslid of Switzerland – the inventor of the transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD).
The Congress was opened by Prof. Rune Aaslid of Switzerland – the inventor of the transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Other lecturers covered three key areas – application of
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

24. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 12, 2016, No. 2 , , ,

Equipment for transcranial HIFU.
Equipment for transcranial HIFU.
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Approaches for diagnostic transcranial Doppler study.
Approaches for diagnostic transcranial Doppler study.
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In clinical experience diagnostic ultrasound methods are used (transcranial Doppler sonography, duplex scanning of basal cerebral arteries, etc.) for recanalization of cerebral arteries with severe thrombosis [11, 54] – a phenomenon confirmed both in vivo and in vitro in randomized and non-randomized clinical studies of ischemic brain stroke [45, 55].
. This term indicates the degradation of thrombotic masses by ultrasound waves with or without using thrombolytics. In clinical experience diagnostic ultrasound methods are used (transcranial Doppler sonography, duplex scanning of basal cerebral arteries, etc.) for recanalization of cerebral arteries with severe thrombosis [11, 54] – a phenomenon confirmed both in vivo and in vitro in randomized and non-randomized clinical studies of ischemic brain stroke [45, 55].
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Transcranial low-frequency ultrasound-mediated thrombolysis in brain ischemia: Increased risk of hemorrhage with combined ultrasound and tissue plasminogen activator Results of a phase II clinical trial.
Daffertshofer M, Gass A, Ringleb P, Sitzer M, Sliwka U, Els T, Sedlaczek O, Koroshetz WJ, Hennerici MG. Transcranial low-frequency ultrasound-mediated thrombolysis in brain ischemia: Increased risk of hemorrhage with combined ultrasound and tissue plasminogen activator Results of a phase II clinical trial.
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A. Effects of varying duty cycle and pulse width on highintensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)-induced transcranial thrombolysis.
A. Effects of varying duty cycle and pulse width on highintensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)-induced transcranial thrombolysis. J Ther Ultrasound 1, 2013: 18.
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Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging–guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain.
Jeanmonod D, Werner B, Morel A, Michels L, Zadicario E, Schiff G, Martin E. Transcranial magnetic resonance imaging–guided focused ultrasound: noninvasive central lateral thalamotomy for chronic neuropathic pain.
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plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound.
plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound.
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Noninvasive Transcranial Stimulation of Rat Abducens Nerve by Focused Ultrasound.
Kim H, Taghados SJ, Fischer K, Maeng LS, Park S, Yoo SS. Noninvasive Transcranial Stimulation of Rat Abducens Nerve by Focused Ultrasound.
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Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound therapy based on a 3D CT scan: protocol validation and in vitro results.
Marquet F, Pernot M, Aubry J-F, Montaldo G, Marsac L, Tanter M, Fink M. Non-invasive transcranial ultrasound therapy based on a 3D CT scan: protocol validation and in vitro results.
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Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study.
Monteith SJ, Medel R, Kassell NF, Wintermark M, Eames M, Snell J, Zadicario E, Grinfeld J, Sheehan JP EW. Transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery for trigeminal neuralgia: a cadaveric and laboratory feasibility study.
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Targeted delivery of erythropoietin by transcranial focused ultrasound for neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusioninduced neuronal injury: A long-term and short-term study.
Wu SK, Yang MT, Kang KH, Liou HC, Lu DH, Fu WM, Lin WL. Targeted delivery of erythropoietin by transcranial focused ultrasound for neuroprotection against ischemia/reperfusioninduced neuronal injury: A long-term and short-term study.
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Evaluation of the role of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded duplex-sonography (TCCS) and rotational functional tests (RFT) in PCD.
Evaluation of the role of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded duplex-sonography (TCCS) and rotational functional tests (RFT) in PCD.
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Moreover, new advances for examining the entire intracranial segment have been made even with only transcranial Doppler (TCD) with new software.
with conventional neuroimaging, for both intracranial and extracranial segments in the same session. Moreover, new advances for examining the entire intracranial segment have been made even with only transcranial Doppler (TCD) with new software. The use of extracranial color-coded duplex (EDS) and transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) imaging has further enhanced VA, BA and PCA tract imaging and thereby increased diagnostic sensitivity [11]. TCCD has a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 94% in patients with basilar or vertebral arteries diseases.
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The use of extracranial color-coded duplex (EDS) and transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) imaging has further enhanced VA, BA and PCA tract imaging and thereby increased diagnostic sensitivity [11].
with conventional neuroimaging, for both intracranial and extracranial segments in the same session. Moreover, new advances for examining the entire intracranial segment have been made even with only transcranial Doppler (TCD) with new software. The use of extracranial color-coded duplex (EDS) and transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) imaging has further enhanced VA, BA and PCA tract imaging and thereby increased diagnostic sensitivity [11]. TCCD has a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 94% in patients with basilar or vertebral arteries diseases.
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The present research aims to evaluate the role of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded duplex-sonography (TCCD) and RFT in PCD.
Thus, the proper and timed detection of PСD is very important to save lives and to decrease disability. The present research aims to evaluate the role of extracranial duplex-sonography (EDS), transcranial color-coded duplex-sonography (TCCD) and RFT in PCD.
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Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer's dementia.
Doepp F, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ. Transcranial and extracranial ultrasound assessment of cerebral hemodynamics in vascular and Alzheimer's dementia.
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P3 Transcranial Brain Sonography Findings in Parkinson’s Disease: First Results from Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
P3 Transcranial Brain Sonography Findings in Parkinson’s Disease: First Results from Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a relatively new, non-invasive tool, allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a relatively new, non-invasive tool, allowing for bedside monitoring to determine flow velocities indicative of changes in vascular caliber. It has been frequently employed for the clinical evaluation of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). To a lesser degree, TCD has also been used to evaluate cerebral autoregulatory capacity, monitor cerebral circulation during cardiopulmonary bypass and carotid endarterectomy, to diagnose brain death and for monitoring of cerebral hemodynamics in neurotrauma. TCD is a suitable bedside method for daily assessment of the changes of intracranial pressure (ICP) by continuous monitoring of the changes of blood flow velocities and pulsatility index (PI), reflecting decreases in cerebral perfusion pressure due to increases in ICP. Growing body of literature demonstrates the usefulness of transbulbar B-mode sonography of the optic nerve for detecting increased ICP in patients requiring neurocritical care. TCD findings compatible with the diagnosis of brain death include systolic spikes without diastolic flow or with diastolic reversed flow, and no demonstrable flow in a patient in who flow had been clearly documented on a previous examination.
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TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN SONOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: FIRST RESULTS FROM TUZLA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
TRANSCRANIAL BRAIN SONOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: FIRST RESULTS FROM TUZLA, BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound modality which could display echogenicity of human brain tissue through the intact skull.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new ultrasound modality which could display echogenicity of human brain tissue through the intact skull. We studied different ultrasound markers by TCS in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD).
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of less than 2 mm, transcranial Doppler sonography revealed subtotal stenosis of ICA from the starting point to the development of collateral circulation.
of less than 2 mm, transcranial Doppler sonography revealed subtotal stenosis of ICA from the starting point to the development of collateral circulation. Neurosonological diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of MR imaging and digital subtraction angiography.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. ln: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. ln: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

25. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 1 , , ,

The non-invasive evaluation of the collateral circulation status became possible only after introduction into clinical practice of several neuro-angioimaging tools, as Computed Tomography angiography (CTA), Magnetic-resonance angiography ((MRA), Color Doppler sonography (CDUS), Transcranial Color Doppler (TCCD) modalities.
The results of several studies have demonstrated that adequate collateral circulation may prevent the development of hemodynamic failure. In contrast, findings from different studies showed that the presence of leptomeningeal collateral flow was associated with an increased risk of future ischemic stroke [1, 4–6]. The actual contribution of the individual collateral pathways is difficult to assess and quantify. Assessment of cerebral hemodynamics can be performed with different techniques. The non-invasive evaluation of the collateral circulation status became possible only after introduction into clinical practice of several neuro-angioimaging tools, as Computed Tomography angiography (CTA), Magnetic-resonance angiography ((MRA), Color Doppler sonography (CDUS), Transcranial Color Doppler (TCCD) modalities. All above-mentioned modalities give valuable information about the presence and efficiency of collateral supply in patients with ICA occlusive changes. Several studies have reported significant correlation (r=0,64) between TCCD and MRI findings in the
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Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) was performed on the Toshiba Aplio500 unit 2.1MHz probe.
Color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS) of the extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries was performed on the unit Toshiba Aplio 500, with 5–12MHz linear probes. Carotid artery disease was assessed and defined according to standardized criteria. Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) was performed on the Toshiba Aplio500 unit 2.1MHz probe.
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Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Magnetic Resonance angiography in the assessment of Collateral Hemispheric Flow in patients with carotid artery Disease.
Anzola GP, Gasparotti R, Magoni M, Prandini F. Transcranial Doppler Sonography and Magnetic Resonance angiography in the assessment of Collateral Hemispheric Flow in patients with carotid artery Disease.
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Cerebral Hemodinamics in Asymptomatic Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: A Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MR and Transcranial Doppler Study.
Apruzzese A, Silvestrini M, Floris R, Vernieri F, Bozzao A, Hagberg G, Caltagirone C, Masala S, Simonetti G. Cerebral Hemodinamics in Asymptomatic Patients with Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: A Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast MR and Transcranial Doppler Study.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

26. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 13, 2017, No. 2 , , ,

Doctoral thesis in medicine: University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss federal Diploma of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss specialty board certificate in cerebrovascular diseases, Swiss Society of Clinical Neurophysiology FMH (2004); Swiss specialty board certificate in Neurology Swiss Society of Neurology FMH (2005); Certificate of management for senior doctors of the University Hospital of Geneva HUG (2007); International Certificate in Neurosonology ESNCH (2008); Privat Docent Thesis “Transcranial ultrasound in stroke and its new developments” Medical Faculty University of Geneva (2009); Professor of Neurology of the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva, Switzerland (2016).
Doctoral thesis in medicine: University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss federal Diploma of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss specialty board certificate in cerebrovascular diseases, Swiss Society of Clinical Neurophysiology FMH (2004); Swiss specialty board certificate in Neurology Swiss Society of Neurology FMH (2005); Certificate of management for senior doctors of the University Hospital of Geneva HUG (2007); International Certificate in Neurosonology ESNCH (2008); Privat Docent Thesis “Transcranial ultrasound in stroke and its new developments” Medical Faculty University of Geneva (2009); Professor of Neurology of the Faculty of Medicine in Geneva, Switzerland (2016).
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V, Mukhtarova R, Ferreira Sao Silva Santos SV et al.: Changes of cerebral hemodynamics during music perception: a functional transcranial Doppler study.
V, Mukhtarova R, Ferreira Sao Silva Santos SV et al.: Changes of cerebral hemodynamics during music perception: a functional transcranial Doppler study.
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deep brain stimulation, substantia nigra, transcranial ultrasound
deep brain stimulation, substantia nigra, transcranial ultrasound
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Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) is a non-invasive, low-cost, short-duration neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with movement disorders.
Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) is a non-invasive, low-cost, short-duration neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with movement disorders. With contemporary high-end ultrasound systems, image resolution of echogenic deep brain structures can even be higher on TCS than on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra (SN), a TCS finding seen in about 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), is already present in presymptomatic disease stages and indicates an increased risk of developing PD, especially if present in combination with other risk markers. The TCS finding of SN hyperechogenicity well discriminates PD from other Parkinsonian disorders such as multiple-system atrophy and welding-related Parkinsonism. In turn, normal SN echogenicity in combination with lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity indicates an atypical Parkinsonian syndrome rather than PD with a specificity of more than 95%. TCS detects characteristic basal ganglia changes also in other movement disorders such as lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity in idiopathic dystonia and Wilson's disease and caudate nucleus hyperechogenicity in Huntington's disease.
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Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma is a non-invasive neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with degenerative brain diseases [8].
Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCS) of the brain parenchyma is a non-invasive neuroimaging method that allows high-resolution imaging of deep brain structures in patients with degenerative brain diseases [8]. Beside transtemporal axial and coronal imaging planes also transfrontal sagittal planes can be applied for special diagnostic purposes [9]. Hyperechogenicity of substantia nigra (SN), found in about 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), is already present in presymptomatic disease stages. The results of longitudinal studies suggest that TCS of SN may serve as a screening tool for detecting subjects at risk of developing PD [2, 3]. Studies of our and other groups show that the combination of TCS with simple olfaction and motor tests already at very early disease stages discriminates PD from other Parkinsonian disorders. In turn, normal SN echogenicity in combination with lenticular nucleus hyperechogenicity indicates an atypical Parkinsonian syndrome rather than PD with a specificity of more than 95% [2, 10].
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Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
Becker G, Becker T, Struck M, et al. Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
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Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.
N, Stefanova E, et al. Transcranial sonography in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2.
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Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra: digital image analysis.
M, Blahuta J, et al. Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra: digital image analysis.
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Contemporary ultrasound systems allow high-resolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
Walter U, Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, et al. Contemporary ultrasound systems allow high-resolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
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Method and validity of transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
k D, Walter U. Method and validity of transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
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Transcranial brain
Walter U, Dressler D, Probst T, et al. Transcranial brain
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) of brain parenchyma in movement disorders: quality standards, diagnostic applications and novel technologies.
k D. Transcranial sonography (TCS) of brain parenchyma in movement disorders: quality standards, diagnostic applications and novel technologies.
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Transcranial sonography in brain disorders with trace metal accumulation.
Walter U. Transcranial sonography in brain disorders with trace metal accumulation.
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Transcranial sonographic localization of deep brain stimulation electrodes is safe, reliable and predicts clinical outcome.
Walter U, Kirsch M, Wittstock M, et al. Transcranial sonographic localization of deep brain stimulation electrodes is safe, reliable and predicts clinical outcome.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

27. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 1 , , ,

Transcranial Brain Parenchyma Ultrasonography in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases – an Update
Transcranial Brain Parenchyma Ultrasonography in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases – an Update
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Electrophysiological methods: EEG, magnetic encephalography (MEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS);
Electrophysiological methods: EEG, magnetic encephalography (MEG), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS);
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Aortic arch dissection presenting with hemodynamic spectrum of aortic regurgitation on transcranial Doppler.
V, Demarin V. Aortic arch dissection presenting with hemodynamic spectrum of aortic regurgitation on transcranial Doppler.
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Transcranial Brain Parenchyma Ultrasonography in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases – an Update
Transcranial Brain Parenchyma Ultrasonography in Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Diseases – an Update
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transcranial sonography
transcranial sonography
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been recently recognized as a reliable and sensitive tool in detecting basal ganglia (BG) abnormalities in several movement disorders, where different patterned hyperechogenic lesions were demonstrated.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been recently recognized as a reliable and sensitive tool in detecting basal ganglia (BG) abnormalities in several movement disorders, where different patterned hyperechogenic lesions were demonstrated. TCS revealed reduced echogenicity of the brainstem raphe (BR) as a characteristic finding in unipolar depression and in depression associated with Parkinson's (PD) or Wilson's disease (WD), but not in healthy adults, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis with depression or Parkinson's disease without concomitant depression.
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Transcranial ultrasonography in neurology
Transcranial ultrasonography in neurology
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Method of Transcranial Sonography
Method of Transcranial Sonography
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Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new neuroimaging method which displays tissue echogenicity (intensity of reflected ultrasound waves) of the brain through the intact skull.
Transcranial sonography (TCS) is a relatively new neuroimaging method which displays tissue echogenicity (intensity of reflected ultrasound waves) of the brain through the intact skull.
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Transcranial ultrasonography in neurology
Transcranial ultrasonography in neurology
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K. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
K. Degeneration of substantia nigra in chronic Parkinson’s disease visualized by transcranial color-coded real-time sonography.
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Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
Becker G, Becker T, Struck M, Lindner A, Burzer K, Retz W, et al. Reduced echogenicity of brainstem raphe specific to unipolar depression: a transcranial color-coded real-time sonography study.
read the entire text >>

Parkinson’s disease and depression: evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by transcranial sonography.
Becker T, Becker G, Seufert J, Hofmann E, Lange KW, Naumann M, et al. Parkinson’s disease and depression: evidence for an alteration of the basal limbic system detected by transcranial sonography.
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Depression in Parkinson’s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Berg D, Supprian T, Hofmann E, Zeiler B, Jager A, Lange KW, et al. Depression in Parkinson’s disease: brainstem midline alteration on transcranial sonography and magnetic resonance imaging.
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G. The correlation between ventricular diameter measured by transcranial sonography and clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.
G. The correlation between ventricular diameter measured by transcranial sonography and clinical disability and cognitive dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
Berg D, Godau J, Walter U. Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
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D. Transcranial sonography in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.
D. Transcranial sonography in pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration.
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Transcranial sonography in ataxia.
Krogias C, Postert T, Eyding J. Transcranial sonography in ataxia.
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Transcranial sonography in depression.
Mijajlovic MD. Transcranial sonography in depression.
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Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
Mijajlovic MD, Tsivgoulis G, Sternic N. Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
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Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography.
Naumann M, Becker G, Toyka KV, et al. Lenticular nucleus lesion in idiopathic dystonia detected by transcranial sonography.
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VS. Transcranial sonography in Wilson's disease.
VS. Transcranial sonography in Wilson's disease.
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Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: state of the art.
Walter U, Behnke S, Eyding J, Niehaus L, Postert T, Seidel G, et al. Transcranial brain parenchyma sonography in movement disorders: state of the art.
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Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease.
Walter U, Dressler D, Probst T, Wolters A, Abu-Mugheisib M, Wittstock M, et al. Transcranial brain sonography findings in discriminating between parkinsonism and idiopathic Parkinson disease.
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Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
Walter U, Kanowski M, Kaufmann J, Grossmann A, Benecke R, Niehaus L. Contemporary ultrasound systems allow highresolution transcranial imaging of small echogenic deep intracranial structures similarly as MRI: a phantom study.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

28. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 14, 2018, No. 2 , , ,

Transcranial Doppler in Management of Asymptomatic
Transcranial Doppler in Management of Asymptomatic
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cryptogenic stroke ESUS, microemboli transcranial Doppler
cryptogenic stroke ESUS, microemboli transcranial Doppler
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The aim of our study was to assess the feasibility of microembolic signal (MES) detection by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in cryptogenic stroke patients and to investigate the relationship between MES and stroke mechanism.
Despite all diagnostic efforts, about 30% of ischemic strokes remain cryptogenic. The aim of our study was to assess the feasibility of microembolic signal (MES) detection by transcranial Doppler (TCD) in cryptogenic stroke patients and to investigate the relationship between MES and stroke mechanism.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a safe and sensitive technique for real-time detection of microembolic signals (MES) in the intracranial cerebral arteries.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is a safe and sensitive technique for real-time detection of microembolic signals (MES) in the intracranial cerebral arteries. MES have been defined as short lasting (3 dB) transients within the Doppler frequency spectrum; they appear randomly during the cardiac cycle and produce a “whistle”, “chirp”, or “click” sound when passing through the sample volume; they have been proven to represent microemboli passing within cerebral arteries [24, 14, 7, 5, 22, 36]. Since its first application in the field of cerebrovascular diseases in the late 1990s, MES detection improved in several technical aspects, such as reliability of automated MES count and exclusion of artifacts during continuous TCD monitoring [3, 27, 1, 2, 18]. MES have been detected in a large number of clinical conditions, such as carotid artery stenosis (especially due to unstable plaques) [25, 21, 31, 20, 19, 38, 23, 29], aortic arch plaques [25, 6], cardiac sources of cerebral embolism (i.e. atrial fibrillation, prosthetic heart valves, valvular thrombosis) [6, 4, 17, 12], patent foramen ovale (PFO) [32, 33], and during carotid surgery and endovascular procedures (i.e. stent implantation) [16, 26, 35, 34].
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All patients underwent a complete diagnostic workup: cerebral CT/MRI at admission, extracranial colorcoded duplex sonography, transcranial colorcoded sonography (TCCS), CT angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) if CTA was contraindicated, 24-hours cardiac monitoring, trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) completed by trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) if appropriate, and coagulation studies.
their demographics, clinical characteristics, routine blood tests, and vascular risk factors. All patients underwent a complete diagnostic workup: cerebral CT/MRI at admission, extracranial colorcoded duplex sonography, transcranial colorcoded sonography (TCCS), CT angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) if CTA was contraindicated, 24-hours cardiac monitoring, trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) completed by trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) if appropriate, and coagulation studies. Diagnosis of right-to-left shunt (RLS) was made by contrastenhanced TCCS (cTCCS) performed at rest and after Valsalva maneuver, and the presence of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) was confirmed by a contrast TTE or TEE; RLS was graded according to the number of bubbles detected by cTCCS: low-grade (1-10 MES), medium-grade (>10 MES), high-grade (shower or curtain effect). During hospitalization, the vital parameters of all enrolled patients were continuously monitored for the first 72 hours in order to detect and treat any alteration in heart rate, heart rhythm, respiratory dynamics, oxyhemoglobin saturation, arterial blood pressure and body temperature. A 24-hours brain MRI/CT was performed along with a brain MRI just before hospital discharge. In case of a neurologic deterioration – an increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score
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The settings of the sonograph (Spencer ST3 Power M-mode Transcranial Doppler, Spencer Technologies, Redmond WA, USA) were appropriately adjusted to maximize the possibility of detection and the safety for long ultrasound exposure.
protocol which included the examination of the contralateral homologous artery [1]. The settings of the sonograph (Spencer ST3 Power M-mode Transcranial Doppler, Spencer Technologies, Redmond WA, USA) were appropriately adjusted to maximize the possibility of detection and the safety for long ultrasound exposure. Automated MES counting software was activated, but an operator was always present throughout the monitoring period to exclude artifacts and to reposition the probes if necessary. All examinations were performed with the patient in supine position by an experienced neurosonographer (A.P.). MES detection was also performed in 30 young healthy adults (10 males, mean age 28.1±7 years) without history of cerebrovascular or cardiac disease, without any vascular risk factors and not taking any drugs.
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Practice standards for transcranial Doppler ultrasound: part I – test performance.
Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Wong LK, Douville C, Razumovsky AY, Koroshetz WJ, Kaps M, Tegeler CH; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee. Practice standards for transcranial Doppler ultrasound: part I – test performance.
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Practice standards for transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound.
Alexandrov AV, Sloan MA, Tegeler CH, Newell DN, Lumsden A, Garami Z, Levy CR, Wong LK, Douville C, Kaps M, Tsivgoulis G; American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee. Practice standards for transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. Part II. Clinical indications and expected outcomes.
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A combined power m-mode and single gate transcranial doppler ultrasound microemboli signal criteria for improving emboli detection and reliability.
Choi Y, Saqqur M, Asil T, Jin A, Stewart E, Stephenson C, Ibrahim M, Roy J, Boulanger JM, Coutts S, Khan F, Demchuk AM. A combined power m-mode and single gate transcranial doppler ultrasound microemboli signal criteria for improving emboli detection and reliability.
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Four-gated transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of circulating microemboli.
ny V, SchulteAltedorneburg G, Hansberg T, Ringelstein EB. Four-gated transcranial Doppler ultrasound in the detection of circulating microemboli.
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Long-term ambulatory monitoring for cerebral emboli using transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Mackinnon AD, Aaslid R, Markus HS. Long-term ambulatory monitoring for cerebral emboli using transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler monitoring during stenting of the carotid bifurcation: evalu-
Rubartelli P, Brusa G, Arrigo A, Abbadessa F, Giachero C, Vischi M, Ricca MM, Ottonello GA. Transcranial Doppler monitoring during stenting of the carotid bifurcation: evalu-
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Embolus detection and differentiation using multifrequency transcranial Doppler.
Russell D, Brucher L. Embolus detection and differentiation using multifrequency transcranial Doppler.
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Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
Spence JD, Tamayo A, Lownie SP, Ng WP, Ferguson GG. Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
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Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy.
Van Zuilen EV, Moll FL, Vermeulen FE, Mauser HW, van Gijn J, Ackerstaff RG. Detection of cerebral microemboli by means of transcranial Doppler monitoring before and after carotid endarterectomy.
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Microembolus Detection by Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Review of the Literature.
Vukovic-Cvetkovic V. Microembolus Detection by Transcranial Doppler Sonography: Review of the Literature.
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Prevalence of micro-emboli in symptomatic high grade carotid artery disease: a transcranial Doppler study.
Zuromskis T, Wetterholm R, Lindqvist JF, Svedlund S, Sixt C, Jatuzis D, Obelieniene D, Caidahl K, Volkmann R. Prevalence of micro-emboli in symptomatic high grade carotid artery disease: a transcranial Doppler study.
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Transcranial Doppler
Transcranial Doppler
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asymptomatic carotid stenosis, cerebral vasoreactivity, cerebrovascular reserve capacity, microembolus signal, stroke, transcranial Doppler
asymptomatic carotid stenosis, cerebral vasoreactivity, cerebrovascular reserve capacity, microembolus signal, stroke, transcranial Doppler
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The present article summarizes the use of transcranial Doppler in selection of high-risk ACAS patients who may benefit from carotid intervention.
From the one hand previous studies proved benefit from carotid intervention in ACAS patients, from the other hand due to the development of modern medical therapy there has been a significant reduction in stroke incidence in patients with only medical treatment. Recent calculations have suggested that the stroke risk with intensive medical therapy is lower or similar compared with that of carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting in ACAS patients. Therefore, carotid reconstruction for the most patients with asymptomatic severe internal carotid artery stenosis has not been suggested recently. However, some special subgroups with high stroke risk were shown to benefit from carotid surgery. High-risk patients are characterised by poor collateral circulation with exhausted cerebrovascular reserve capacity, or by unstable plaque with cerebral microembolisation. The present article summarizes the use of transcranial Doppler in selection of high-risk ACAS patients who may benefit from carotid intervention.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an easy, noninvasive, relatively cheap tool to investigate the reactivity of cerebral microvessels to vasodilative stimuli (cerebral vasoreactivity), and thus it is able to assess the compensatory vasodilation of cerebral arterioles [1, 3, 10, 20, 23].
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an easy, noninvasive, relatively cheap tool to investigate the reactivity of cerebral microvessels to vasodilative stimuli (cerebral vasoreactivity), and thus it is able to assess the compensatory vasodilation of cerebral arterioles [1, 3, 10, 20, 23]. It should be mentioned that flow velocity is monitored in the main intracranial arteries (mostly in the middle cerebral artery), while the vasodilative stimuli change the diameter of the small resistance vessels (Fig. 1). TCD is an excellent method to detect cerebral microemboli as well [9, 11]. Unilateral presence of microembolic signals in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) indicates artery-to-artery embolisms from unstable carotid plaque. In addition, carotid ultrasound may also help differentiate high-risk and low-risk plaques in the internal carotid artery. Carotid plaques with irregular surface, intraplaque haemorrhage, decreased echogenicity and without echogenic cap belong to high-risk plaques.
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Our aim in the present article is to delineate the role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in selection of ACAS patients with high risk of stroke.
Our aim in the present article is to delineate the role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound in selection of ACAS patients with high risk of stroke.
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Transcranial Doppler is a non-invasive, reliable method to select these high-risk patients, who, in addition to intensive medical therapy, should be considered for prophylactic carotid intervention as well.
ACAS patients with exhausted cerebrovascular reserve capacity and/or presence of microembolic signal(s) in the ipsilateral MCA have high stroke risk. Transcranial Doppler is a non-invasive, reliable method to select these high-risk patients, who, in addition to intensive medical therapy, should be considered for prophylactic carotid intervention as well.
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Functional transcranial Doppler in stroke risk.
Azevedo E. Functional transcranial Doppler in stroke risk.
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B. Transcranial Doppler study of the cerebral hemodynamic changes during breath-holding and hyperventilation tests.
B. Transcranial Doppler study of the cerebral hemodynamic changes during breath-holding and hyperventilation tests.
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Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
Absence of microemboli on transcranial Doppler identifies low-risk patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.
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By means of transcranial ultrasound sonography (TCD, 2 MHz probe, head fixation) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was recorded and the mean CBFV was calculated.
We investigated 25 consecutive patients a few month after implantation of a LVAD in our rehabilitation department. By means of transcranial ultrasound sonography (TCD, 2 MHz probe, head fixation) of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was recorded and the mean CBFV was calculated. Patients were first recorded in supine positon and then brought into standing position. We measured the mean CBFV after standing up and registered any symptoms ranging from dizziness to even postural control failures.
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Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is also useful for evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy not only in subarachnoid bleeding but also in ischemic stroke risk patients.
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is also useful for evaluation of the efficacy of pharmacotherapy not only in subarachnoid bleeding but also in ischemic stroke risk patients. The microembolic signals are accepted surrogate marker for future stroke risk and have been used to show treatment efficacy in different clinical conditions (TIA, carotid stenosis, carotid endarterectomy, coronary bypass surgery and during some intravascular interventions). The randomized trials successfully evaluated the effect of different anticoagulants (e.g. heparin vs. LMWH), mono vs dual antiplatelet therapy in stroke or stroke risk patients.
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The impairment of dilative capacity of brain arterioles can be also measured noninvasively, without radiation hazard, by transcranial Doppler.
The impairment of dilative capacity of brain arterioles can be also measured noninvasively, without radiation hazard, by transcranial Doppler. The positive or negative effect of different pharmacotherapies (statins, antihypertensives, antiparkinson drugs, NSAIDS, diuretics, etc.) on cerebral vasomotor reactivity could be estimated.
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On transcranial duplex sonography lower velocity parameters of the left MCA were observed.
The CCDS showed a high degree stenosis of the left ICA, starting above the artery bulb. On transcranial duplex sonography lower velocity parameters of the left MCA were observed. The performed CTA was with characteristics of dissection of the left ICA with irregular conical to filiform long narrowing of the vessel lumen without flap. The intracranial part of the artery was with normal lumen size.
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Ultrasound (transcranial Doppler cerebral blood flow monitoring, myosonography, ect.) and electromyographic studies are rearely used for assessment of brain autoregulation amd the efficacy of the PMP.
The publications are predominantly devoted to orthostatic hypotension, Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and vasovagal syncope as the main OI clinical manifestations. Only few authors analyze the importance of the anti-gravity mechanisms for their occurrence. Cardiological tests and various modifications of the passive orthostatic test are mostly used in the assessment of OI. Ultrasound (transcranial Doppler cerebral blood flow monitoring, myosonography, ect.) and electromyographic studies are rearely used for assessment of brain autoregulation amd the efficacy of the PMP.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
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29. NEUROSONOLOGY AND CEREBRAL HEMODYNAMICS, vol. 15, 2019, No. 1 , , ,

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
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Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound.
read the entire text >>

Transcranial Doppler.
Ringelstein E, Otis S. Physiological testing of vasomotor reserve. In: Newell D, Aaslid R (eds). Transcranial Doppler. Raven Press. New York, 1992, 83-99.
read the entire text >>

Keywords related to: 'transcranial'

● transcranial duplex ultrasonography

● transcranial color-coded duplex sonography

● transcranial Doppler ultrasound

● transcranial Doppler

● transcranial duplex ultrasound

● transcranial sonography

● transcranial color duplex

● transcranial Doppler sonograph

● transcranial monitoring

● transcranial ultrasound

● microemboli transcranial Doppler

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